GENERAL PHYSICS 1
Quarter 1, Week 3
MOTION IN
2 DIMENSIONS
Motion in 1 Dimension
and
Relative Motion
Motion in One Dimension means that the individual
motions of the object and observers are along a straight
line with only two possible directions of motion.
The idea of relative motion can be explained through
the figure in the next slide which shows a man moving
on the train.
Figure 1.
A man moving relative
to the train and Earth
Refer to figure 1 above, If the man is moving at 1 m/s on the train and the
train at 30 m/s to the right, then the velocity m/E (man with respect to Earth)
is moving at 31m/s to the right. Calculated,
𝑉m/𝐸 = Vm/t + Vt/𝐸
Vm/𝐸 = 1m/s + (30 m/s)
= 31 m/s, to the right
If the man is moving at same velocity but this time to the left, the
velocity m/E (man with respect to Earth) is moving at 29 m/s to the left.
It is just the algebraic sum of the velocities.
30 m/s Vt/𝐸 velocity of train with respect to Earth
-1 m/s Vm/t velocity of man with respect to the train
29 m/s Vm/𝐸 velocity of man with respect to Earth
Concept of Reference
Frames, Where Earth is
Mostly Used Examples as
the Reference
The important aspect of relative velocity in one
dimension is that velocity has only two possible
directions. Do not use vector notation to write or
evaluate equation of relative velocities in one
dimension. The velocity, therefore, can be treated as
signed scalar variable; plus sign (+) indicating velocity
in the reference direction and minus sign (-) indicating
velocity in opposite to the reference direction.
The concept of relative velocity applies to two
objects such as the above figure. It is always intuitive to
designate one of the objects as moving and other as
reference object. It is defined as the velocity of an
object B in the rest frame of another object A.
The resultant velocity of the moving object is equal
to the relative velocity of the moving object with
respect to reference object. In two dimensions, Getting
the resultant Velocity (V) can also be shown using the
figure in the next slide.
Figure 2.
resultant Velocity (V) using Pythagorean theorem of velocities with the given
velocities in x and y-components
A plane is travelling at velocity 100 km/hr, in the southward direction. It encounters
wind travelling in the west direction at a rate of 25 km/hr. Calculate the resultant
velocity of the airplane. Given, the velocity of the
wind = Vwind = 25 km/hr
The velocity of the plane = Vairplane = 100 km/hr
The angle between the velocity of the wind and
that of the plane is 90°. Using the Pythagorean
theorem, the resultant velocity (VR) can be
calculated as,
VR² = (100 km/hr)² + (25 km/hr)²
VR² = 10 000 km²/hr² + 625 km²/hr²
VR²= 10 625 km²/hr²
Hence, VR = 103.1 km/hr
Using trigonometry, the angle made by the resultant velocity with
respect to the horizontal plane can be given as,
tan ɵ = (𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 / 𝒂𝒊𝒑𝒓𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚)
tan ɵ = (25 km/hr / 100 km/hr)
ɵ =tan^−1(1/4)
ɵ =14.0°
The most common example of an object that is moving in two
dimensions is a projectile.
Projectile Motion
Projectile motion is a form of motion where an
object moves in a bilaterally symmetrical, parabolic
path. The path that the object follows is called its
trajectory. Projectile motion only occurs when there is
one force applied at the beginning on the trajectory, after
which the only interference is from gravity.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
PROJECTILES
Along the x-axis: uniform velocity,
responsible for the horizontal
(forward) motion of the particle.
Along y-axis: uniform acceleration,
responsible for the vertical
(downwards) motion of the particle.
Oblique Projectile motion or in
general case
Key Factors to Remember in Dealing Vertical and Horizontal
Components of Projectile Motion namely:
• Velocity (V)
• Horizontal velocity (Vx)
• Vertical velocity (Vy)
• Angle of launch (ɵ)
• Height (dy)
• Time of flight (t)
• Range (dx)
• Acceleration due to gravity (g)
Characteristics of a Projectile’s
Trajectory
Many projectiles do not only undergo a vertical motion, but also
undergo a horizontal motion. As they move upward or downward
they are also moving horizontally. There are the two components
of the projectile's motion – horizontal and vertical motion.
The goal of this part is to discuss the horizontal and vertical
components of a projectile's motion; specific attention will be
given to the presence/absence of forces, accelerations, and
velocities.
Horizontal
and
Vertical Motion
Consider a cannonball projected horizontally
by a cannon from the top of a very high cliff.
In the absence of gravity, the cannonball
would continue its horizontal motion at a
constant velocity. This is consistent with the
law of inertia. And furthermore, if merely
dropped from rest in the presence of gravity,
the cannonball would accelerate downward,
gaining speed at a rate of 9.8 m/s every
second. This is consistent with our
conception of free-falling objects
accelerating at a rate known as the
acceleration of gravity.
If the cannonball project horizontally in
the presence of gravity, then the
cannonball would maintain the same
horizontal motion as before - a constant
horizontal velocity. Furthermore, the
force of gravity will act upon the
cannonball to cause the same vertical
motion as before - a downward
acceleration. The cannonball falls the
same amount of distance as it did when
it was merely dropped from rest (refer to
diagram).
The presence of gravity does not affect
the horizontal motion of the projectile.
The force of gravity acts downward and is
unable to alter the horizontal motion.
There must be a horizontal force to cause
a horizontal acceleration. The vertical
force acts perpendicular to the horizontal
motion and will not affect it since
perpendicular components of motion are
independent of each other. Thus, the
projectile travels with a constant
horizontal velocity and a downward
vertical acceleration.
In conclusion, projectiles travel with a parabolic trajectory
due to the fact that the downward force of gravity accelerates
them downward from their otherwise straight-line, gravity-free
trajectory. This downward force and acceleration results in a
downward displacement from the position that the object
would be if there were no gravity. The force of gravity does
not affect the horizontal component of motion; a projectile
maintains a constant horizontal velocity since there are no
horizontal forces acting upon it.
Range, Time of Flight
and
Maximum Heights of
Projectiles
In the sport like Dart, throwing a dart at a target in some distance away. The dart
and the target are at the same height above the ground as shown in the Figure 8.
If the dart is aimed directly at the target, then the dart will land at a lower point.
Figure 8. A dart thrown horizontally is an example of a projectile
As the dart leave in the hand of the player, the dart becomes a free body and
falls toward the ground due to the pull of gravity as it moves forward. This is
why the dart in Figure 8 will not hit the target.
Figure 9. The upward velocity of the dart
decreases as it approaches the highest point,
after which it gains downward velocity.
Range dx is the horizontal distance the
projectile travels during the flight from the
point where it is launched and the target
point.
The motion of the dart in Figure 9 illustrates the projectile is launched at an angle
with an initial velocity that has two components: vertical and horizontal.
To compensate for the fall, the dart should be aimed at an angle Ɵ higher than the
target point. This slightly gives the dart an initial upward velocity. This velocity
decreases as the dart approaches the highest point on its path. At this point, the vertical
velocity becomes zero and the dart starts to fall with an increasing vertical velocity.
If you throw a ball at an angle Ɵ above the horizontal (e.g., the ground) with an
initial velocity V0, the ball will follow a parabolic path and then land at some point.
To be able to determine how long the ball will stay in the air or how far it will go, you
need to break down the initial velocity into its horizontal and vertical components.
You can do this by constructing a right triangle and by using trigonometric functions
or ratios.
In finding the vertical and horizontal components of the initial velocity, the
following equations are used:
where Vox is the horizontal component (along x-direction) and Voy is the
vertical component (along y-direction) of the initial velocity with a magnitude
of Vo.
Figure 10 shows the range of horizontal distance dx covered by a dart at different launch
angles at a constant initial speed V0. Notice that the maximum distance is achieved at an
angle of 45˚ (neglecting air resistance). At 45˚, the horizontal and vertical components of the
initial velocity have the same magnitudes. At a larger launch angle (e.g.,60˚), Vx becomes
less so the dart relatively covers a short range.
Figure 10. (a) A dart projected at different angles at the same initial speed; (b)the vertical
and horizontal components of the initial velocity at different launch angles
At 15˚ angle, Vy is so small that the dart does not remain traveling in the air for a long
time. Even if the dart has a large horizontal velocity, its short time of flight suggests that it
will not travel as far as when projected at 45˚.
Equations for Projectile
Motion
(Neglecting Air Resistance)
ADIOS FOLKS!!!
