Experiment No: 03

Name of Experiment: Determination of the regulation of a single-phase transformer under

different loading conditions.
Objective:

1. To study the voltage regulation of the transformer with varying loads.

2. To study transformer regulation with resistive, inductive and capacitive loading.
Theory: In a single-phase transformer, primary current enters through the winding into the
doted side; on the other hand, in a secondary transformer,current leaves the winding through
the doted terminal.Voltage regulation in transformers is the percentage change in its
secondary terminal voltage compared to its own side no load voltage under varying
secondary load conditions. Due to the laminated core and copper losses due to the resistivity
of its windings, there are magnetic iron losses while a transformers secondary winding is
supplying in any load. These losses are caused by reactance and resistance in the
transformer winding and core material, which provide an impedance through which the
secondary output current flows. As the secondary winding consists of both resistance and
reactance, it follows that an internal voltage drop must occur in the windings of the
transformer by an amount depending on the effective impedance and the load current being
supplied.In resistive load and inductive load, the full load voltage is lower than the no load
voltage. Because in inductive load
Drop voltage ,Vdrop=Is(Rcos∅+Xsin∅) Volt
So the change in actual output voltage is positive and the regulations are positive.In the
other hand ,In capacitive load the full load voltage is lower than the no load voltage and
drop voltage can be defined by the equation ,
Drop voltage ,Vdrop=Is(Rcos∅-Xsin∅) Volt
And the change in actual output voltage is negative so that there occur an negative voltage
regulation.

Equipment:
1. Single phase transformer
2. Power supply unit
3. Voltmeter (0-250V AC)
4. Ammeter (0-0.25 A AC)
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 1: Single phase transformer.

Data Table:
ZL ( R ) (Ω) I2 (mA AC) E2 (V AC) I1 (mA AC)
∞ 0 240 0.00625
4800 0.05 234 0.0525
2400 0.10 229.65 0.0975
1600 0.145 225.38 0.1475
1200 0.19 221.06 0.1925
960 0.23 216.45 0.235

Data table 1: Data table of resistive load.

ZL ( XL ) (Ω) I2 (mA AC) E2 (V AC) I1 (mA AC)

∞ 0 240 0.00625
4800 0.0275 234.42 0.0375
2400 0.08 228.21 0.08
1600 0.115 223 0.1125
1200 0.165 216 0.1675
960 0.195 212.83 0.8

Data table 2: Data table of inductive load.

 ZL ( XC ) (Ω) I2 (mA AC) E2 (V AC) I1 (mA AC)
∞ 0 240 0.00625
4800 0.05 245 0.04375
2400 0.105 251 0.095
1600 0.165 257.7 0.155
1200 0.225 264.5 0.2175
960 0.255 271.75 0.285

Data table 3: Data table of capacitive load.

Report:
Report 1:

ZL ( R ) (Ω) E2 (V AC) %VR

∞ 240 0
4800 234 2.56
2400 229.65 4.80
1600 225.38 6.48
1200 221.06 8.56
960 216.45 10.88
Data table 4:%Voltage Regulation With respect to Resistive load

ZL ( XL ) (Ω) E2 (V AC) %VR

∞ 240 0
4800 234.42 2.38
2400 228.21 5.16
1600 223 7.62
1200 216 11.11
960 212.83 12.76
Data table 5:%Voltage Regulation with respect Inductive load

ZL ( XC ) (Ω) E2 (V AC) %VR

∞ 240 0
4800 245 -2.04
2400 251 -4.38
1600 257.7 -6.86
1200 264.5 -9.26
960 271.75 -11.68
Data table 6:%Voltage Regulation with respect Capacitive load
 Curve 1: % voltage regulation VS different type of load (resistive,inductive & capacitive)

Report 2:

ZL ( R ) (Ω) I2 (mA AC) E2 (V AC)

∞ 0 240
4800 0.05 234
2400 0.10 229.65
1600 0.145 225.38
1200 0.19 221.06
960 0.23 216.45
Data table 7: Data table of resistive load

Curve 2:Full load voltage VS Current at Resistive load condition

ZL ( XL ) (Ω) I2 (mA AC) E2 (V AC)
∞ 0 240
4800 0.0275 234.42
2400 0.08 228.21
1600 0.115 223
1200 0.165 216
960 0.195 212.83
Data table 8: Data table of Inductive load

Curve 3:Full load voltage VS Current at Inductive load condition

ZL ( XC ) (Ω) I2 (mA AC) E2 (V AC)

∞ 0 240
4800 0.05 245
2400 0.105 251
1600 0.165 257.7
1200 0.225 264.5
960 0.255 271.75
Data table 9: Data table of Capacitive load

Curve 4:Full load voltage VS Current at Capacitive load condition

Discussion:With the help of this experiment , we have determined the voltage regulation of
a single-phase transformer under different loading conditions. If we look at regulation
curves, variations in load current will cause variations in losses due to different loads, which
cause all variations in voltage regulations.For inductive load ,secondary terminal voltage
decrease but at capacitive load condition secondary terminal voltage increase.Therefore
transformer produce a positive regulation in inductive and resistive load condition.But a
negative regulation occur in ccapacitive load condition.We had faced some problem while
reading our experimental data by using analog miultimeter.
Post Lab Question & Answer:
1) Does the primary winding VA equal the secondary winding VA for every value of load
resistance in the Table 01? Explain.

Answer:
I1 (mA AC) E1 VA(primary) I2 (mA AC) E2 (V AC) VA(secondary)
0.00625 0.0015 0 240 0
0.0525 0.0126 0.05 234 0.0117
0.0975 0.0234 0.10 229.65 0.0234
0.1475 240 0.0354 0.145 225.38 0.03393
0.1925 0.0462 0.19 221.06 0.04446
0.235 0.0564 0.23 216.45 0.05382

According to this table we can see , there a small difference between primary side and secondary side due
to fractional difference of experimental data.

2) Explain why the output voltage increases when capacitive load is decreased.
Answer: While we are decreasing capacitive loads, that means the capacitance of the loads is increasing
simultaneously. So that the output voltage increased.
3) Will transformer heating be approximately the same for resistive, inductive or capacitive
loads of the same VA rating? Explain.
Answer:Yes.Because transformer heating is occurred by the load current and voltage.Assuming that the
voltage is more or less constant,the iron loss is also constant.The copper loss is proportional to the squere
of the load current.As a result, heating are determined by the VA. And VA is independent of loading types.