Transformer Regulation

Intro-Regulation
• The output of the transformer is electrical energy – Voltage that
drives the current thru the load.
• For ideal transformer with negligible resistance, losses and drops is
negligible.
• The secondary voltage will not drop from no load to full load for ideal
transformer.
• Voltage Regulation is defined as the change in secondary voltage
when rated load at a specified power is removed.
• Voltage regulation is specified as a percentage of the secondary
voltage % 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏=
𝑽 −𝑽
𝟐 𝑵𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %
𝑽 𝟐 𝑵𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
Voltage Regulation - Determination
• The characteristics of the transformer is based on voltage drops.
• A good transformer should have low voltage regulation from no load to full load.
• Determination of voltage regulation – Load Test (Direct Method) and OC (Open Circuit)
and SC (Short Circuit) test data(Indirect Method-Predetermination)
• Voltage regulation depends on the internal drop taking place inside the transformer
due to the resistance and reactances of primary and secondary windings.
• The other important factor that affects the regulation is the type of load connected to
the secondary of the transformer.
• Load can be Resistive, inductive or capacitive in nature providing unity, lagging or
leading power factor conditions.
• Based on the type of load, the regulation can also be positive (inductive load) or
negative (capacitive load)
Regulation of Transformer

Regulation is minimum around UPF conditions – Resistive loading

When power factor decreases - regulation increases

Regulation positive – resistive and inductive load

Regulation negative – capacitive load

Normal range of Regulation is 5 to 10%

 Equivalent Circuit Model
Primary Winding Secondary Winding

No-load Components
Using Transformation Ratio ‘K’, the elements in secondary can be transferred to Primary
′ 𝑅2 ′ 𝑋2 ′ 𝑉
𝑅 2= 2 𝑋 2= 2 𝑉 2=
𝐾 𝐾 𝐾
′
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑤 .𝑟 . 𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑅01= 𝑅1 + 𝑅 2
′
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑤 . 𝑟 .𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑋 01 = 𝑋 1 + 𝑋 2
Problem
Voltage drop in a 115/230V transformer from no load to full load is 5%. Find
the secondary voltage at full load.
Given: V1=115V V2=230V % voltage regulation = 5%

Solution:
𝑽 𝟐 𝑵𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 − 𝑽 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
% 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏= 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %
𝑽 𝟐 𝑵𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅

𝑽 𝟐 𝑵𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 =𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝑽

𝟐𝟑𝟎 −𝑽 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝟓 %=
𝟐𝟑𝟎
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 % 0.05

=11.5 =218.5V