Experiment No: 03

Experiment Name: Determination of voltage regulation of a single-phase transformer under

different loading conditions.
Objective:
i) To study the voltage regulation of the transformer with varying loads.
ii) To study transformer regulation with resistive, inductive and capacitive loading.

Theory:
Voltage regulation in single-phase transformers is the percentage change in its secondary
terminal voltage compared to its original no load voltage under varying secondary load
conditions. When a transformer secondary winding is supplying a load, there are magnetic iron
losses due to laminated core and copper losses due to resistivity of its windings, and this true for
both primary and secondary windings. These losses produced on reactance and resistance in the
transformer winding providing an impedance path through which the secondary output current
flow. As the secondary winding consists of both resistance and reactance, it follows that an
internal voltage drop must occur in the windings of the transformer by an amount depending on
the effective impedance and the load current being supplied as Ohm’s Law states, V = I*Z. When
the secondary load current increases, the voltage dropped within the transformer windings must
also increase, and for a constant primary supply voltage, the secondary output voltage must
therefore fall. The impedance (Z) of the secondary winding is the phasor sum of both its
resistance (R) and the leakage reactance (X) with a different voltage drop produced across each
component.
Then, the full load voltage, 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐸𝑠 - (R+jX)
Voltage and current are in-phase for a resistance, the voltage drop across the resistor must “in-
phase” with the secondary current. But in a pure inductor having inductive reactance the current
lags by 90° so the voltage drop across the reactance leads the current by an angle ∅𝐿 as its an
inductive load. Then, the voltage drop across the secondary impedance is,
For inductive load,
𝑉𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 𝐼𝑠 (Rcos∅ + 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛∅)
For capacitive load,
𝑉𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 𝐼𝑠 (Rcos∅ − 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛∅)
For a lagging power factor (inductive load), the secondary terminal voltage will decrease. And, a
leading power factor (capacitive load), the output terminal voltage will rise. Therefore, positive
regulation produces a voltage drop in the winding while a negative regulation produces a voltage
rise in the winding.
Apparatus:
i) Single Phase Transformer
ii) Power supply unit
iii) Voltmeter (0-250 V AC)
iv) Ammeter (0-0.25 A AC)

Circuit Diagram:

Fig-1: Single Phase Transformer

Data Table:
Table-1:
For Resistive Load:
𝒁𝑳 (R) 𝑰𝟐 𝑬𝟐 𝑰𝟏
(Ω) (mA AC) (V AC) (mA AC)
∞ 0 240 0.00625
4800 0.05 234 0.0525
2400 0.10 229.65 0.0975
1600 0.145 225.38 0.1475
1200 0.19 221.06 0.1925
960 0.23 216.45 0.235
Table-2:
For Inductive Load:
𝒁𝑳 (𝑿𝑳 ) 𝑰𝟐 𝑬𝟐 𝑰𝟏
(Ω) (mA AC) (V AC) (mA AC)
∞ 0 240 0.00625
4800 0.0275 234.42 0.0375
2400 0.08 228.21 0.08
1600 0.115 223 0.1125
1200 0.165 216 0.1675
960 0.195 212.83 0.18

Table-3:
For capacitive Load:
𝒁𝑳 (𝑿𝑪 ) 𝑰𝟐 𝑬𝟐 𝑰𝟏
(Ω) (mA AC) (V AC) (mA AC)
∞ 0 240 0.00625
4800 0.05 245 0.04375
2400 0.105 251 0.095
1600 0.165 257.7 0.155
1200 0.225 264.5 0.2175
960 0.255 271.75 0.285

Report:
(1)
1) Voltage Regulation of Resistive Load:
𝒁𝑳 (R) 𝑬𝟐 (%) VR
(Ω) (V AC)
∞ 240 0
4800 234 2.56
2400 229.65 4.80
1600 225.38 6.48
1200 221.06 8.56
960 216.45 10.88
2) Voltage Regulation of Inductive Load:
𝒁𝑳 (𝑿𝑳 ) 𝑬𝟐 (%) VR
(Ω) (V AC)
∞ 240 0
4800 234.42 2.4
2400 228.21 5.16
1600 223 7.62
1200 216 11.11
960 212.83 12.8

3) Voltage Regulation of Capacitive Load:

𝒁𝑳 (𝑿𝑪 ) 𝑬𝟐 (%) VR
(Ω) (V AC)
∞ 240 0
4800 245 -2.04
2400 251 -4.4
1600 257.7 -6.86
1200 264.5 -9.26
960 271.75 -11.68

Fig-1: Curve Between Load and %voltage Regulation in different load

2)
a) For Resistive Load:
𝒁𝑳 (R) 𝑰𝟐 𝑬𝟐
(Ω) (mA AC) (V AC)
∞ 0 240
4800 0.05 234
2400 0.10 229.65
1600 0.145 225.38
1200 0.19 221.06
960 0.23 216.45

Fig-2: Curve Between Full Load Voltage and Load Current in Resistive Load
b) For Inductive Load:

𝒁𝑳 (𝑿𝑳 ) 𝑰𝟐 𝑬𝟐
(Ω) (mA AC) (V AC)
∞ 0 240
4800 0.0275 234.42
2400 0.08 228.21
1600 0.115 223
1200 0.165 216
960 0.195 212.83
 Fig-3: Curve Between Full Load Voltage and Load Current in Inductive Load
c) For Capacitive Load:
𝒁𝑳 (𝑿𝑪 ) 𝑰𝟐 𝑬𝟐
(Ω) (mA AC) (V AC)
∞ 0 240
4800 0.05 245
2400 0.105 251
1600 0.165 257.7
1200 0.225 264.5
960 0.255 271.75

Fig-4: Curve Between Full Load Voltage and Load Current in Capacitive Load
Discussion: In this experiment, we determined the regulation of a single-phase transformer
under different loading conditions. We see that variations in load current will cause variations in
the losses affecting regulations. For a lagging power factor (inductive load), the secondary
terminal voltage will decrease and a leading power factor (capacitive load) the secondary
terminal voltage will increase. Therefore, positive regulation produces a voltage drop in the
winding while a negative regulation produces a voltage rise in the winding. While it is not
possible to have a zero-voltage regulation condition, minimum regulation.
Post Lab Question & Answer:
1) Does the primary winding VA equal the secondary winding VA for every value of load
resistance in the Table 01? Explain.
Answer: From table-01 –
𝐸1 (V AC) 𝐼1 (mA AC) VA(p) 𝐸2 (V AC) 𝐼2 (mA AC) VA(s)
240 0.00625 0.0015 240 0 0
240 0.0525 0.0126 234 0.05 0.0117
240 0.0975 0.0234 229.65 0.10 0.0234
240 0.1475 0.0354 225.38 0.145 0.03393
240 0.1925 0.0462 221.06 0.19 0.044
240 0.235 0.0564 216.45 0.23 0.0538
Yes the primary winding VA almost equal the secondary winding VA for every value of load
resistance.
2) Explain why the output voltage increases when capacitive load is decreased.
Answer: The output voltage increases because the capacitive current passes through the
impedance of the transformer. The impedance is mainly an inductance. So, the voltage across this
impedance is phase shifted of 90° in advance with the current. As the current is phase shifted of
90° in advance with the secondary voltage, the secondary voltage is the direct sum of the primary
voltage and the voltage across the impedance.
3) Will transformer heating be approximately the same for resistive, inductive or capacitive
loads of the same VA rating? Explain.
Answer: Yes. Because the load current and the voltage are the cause of the heating of the
transformers. The loss of iron also unchanged, given that voltage is more or less stable. The loss
of copper is proportional to the voltage drop in the load. As a result, the heating needs to be set by
the VA.