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Lab 02

The document outlines an experiment focused on understanding voltage regulation in single-phase transformers, emphasizing the differences in regulation between resistive and capacitive loads. It details the apparatus required, theoretical background, and a step-by-step procedure for conducting the experiment, including data collection and analysis. Additionally, it poses questions to encourage critical thinking about the implications of voltage regulation and methods for improvement.

Uploaded by

abdull
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • Voltage Behavior,
  • Voltage Regulation Calculation,
  • Electrical Engineering,
  • Transformer Quality,
  • Transformer Efficiency,
  • Experimental Results,
  • Winding Design,
  • Voltage Drop,
  • Power Systems,
  • Electrical Equipment
15 views5 pages

Lab 02

The document outlines an experiment focused on understanding voltage regulation in single-phase transformers, emphasizing the differences in regulation between resistive and capacitive loads. It details the apparatus required, theoretical background, and a step-by-step procedure for conducting the experiment, including data collection and analysis. Additionally, it poses questions to encourage critical thinking about the implications of voltage regulation and methods for improvement.

Uploaded by

abdull
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • Voltage Behavior,
  • Voltage Regulation Calculation,
  • Electrical Engineering,
  • Transformer Quality,
  • Transformer Efficiency,
  • Experimental Results,
  • Winding Design,
  • Voltage Drop,
  • Power Systems,
  • Electrical Equipment

Experiment 2: Voltage Regulation of 1-phase Transformer

OBJECTIVE
- To understand the concept of voltage regulation in transformers and its implication in
load variation in practical systems
- To observe the voltage regulation differences for capacitive load compared to resistive
load
- To theoretically build the concept of voltage regulation improvement methods such as
shunt regulators and tap changers

APPARATUS REQUIRED

- A single phase transformer - Resistive load bank


- Capacitive load bank - Ammeter
- Voltmeter - Connecting Wires

BACKGROUND

If the primary of a transformer is connected to a source, the voltage at secondary under


no load conditions is known as V NL (No load voltage). When load is connected at the
secondary, the voltage is known as V L (Load voltage). VNL is typically greater than VL for
load of unity and lagging p.f. but it may be less for load of leading p.f. This diference in
VNL and VL is represented in normalized/percentage form as voltage regulation (V.R.) and
can be expressed as
V NL−V L V NL−V L
V . R .= or %V. R .= x 100
V NL V NL
The change in voltage is due to following reasons
(i) Voltage drop due to resistance of primary/secondary winding
(ii) Voltage drop due to leakage reactance of primary/secondary winding
Voltage regulation under full load conditions should not be more than 5%. It gives an
idea about the quality of the transformer. If voltage regulation is more than 5%, it is
not a properly designed transformer. While designing transformer, above factors must
be properly controlled to keep voltage regulation within limit. The resistance of
primary and secondary is controlled by selecting
(i) Proper size of conductor for winding
(ii) Pure copper conductor
The leakage reactance can be minimized by
(i) Placing primary and secondary windings at the same limb, one upon the other
(ii) Sand witching the high voltage and low voltage winding
In practical transformers, tap changers are embedded in the secondary side of transformer to
stabilize its output voltage with changing load. Also in many sections of a power systems,
shunt regulators/shunt compensators are also utilized to stabilize the voltage. In this
experiment, you are supposed to get the basic idea on how a shunt regulator works.
PROCEDURE:

SB-003 SB-004 Ammeter SB-009, SB-011 Voltmeter

1. Make connections with the given lab equipment according to the symbolic diagram
above.
2. At start do not connect the load and take primary voltage to rated voltage. Note down the
value of secondary voltage. This will be the no load (VNL) voltage.
3. For first sets of readings, connect resistive load only and set to minimum resistive load
(maximum resistance) and gradually increase load. Note value of load current (I L),
secondary voltage (VL) at each step and calculate corresponding voltage regulation.
Tabulate your values below

Sr.# IL VNL VL % V. R.
4. (VNL-VL)/VNLx100

Make a graph of V.R. vs IL to see the relation of voltage regulation with load current
5. You have observed a pattern of voltage regulation (i.e. output voltage) w.r.t. load current.
Change your primary voltage Now apply capacitive load (series RC load) and repeat step
3 and 4.
Sr.# IL VNL VL % V. R.
(VNL-VL)/VNLx100
6. Now connect the capacitive load in series with resistive load. You need to take readings
(repeating steps 3-4) on RC load in two ways
i) keeping resistive load constant and vary the capacitive load

Sr.# IL VNL VL % V. R.
(VNL-VL)/VNLx100

And
ii) keeping capacitive load constant and vary the resistive load

Sr.# IL VNL VL % V. R.
(VNL-VL)/VNLx100
QUESTIONS
1. Compare the graph of all these cases

2. Why the reading of %V.R. comes negative for capacitive load

3. Can you relate the idea of negative %V.R. with voltage compensators?

4. What would be the purpose of tap changers on secondary of transformers?

5. How can we keep %V.R. of transformer to minimum?

Conclusion

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