Object Oriented Paradigm

Lecture # 14
 Outline
 Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT)
 Working with Frames
 Creating an AWT-Based Application
 Control Fundamentals
 Labels
 Buttons
 Checkboxes

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 Abstract Windowing Toolkit
 The Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT) contains numerous classes
and methods that allow us to create and manage windows.

 The AWT classes are contained in the java.awt package.

 AWT is one of Java’s largest packages

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 Working with Frames
 Frame class encapsulates what is commonly thought of as a
“window”.

 It creates a standard window that has a title bar, borders, and

resizing corners.

 Two Frame constructors are:

– Frame() //creates a standard window that does not contain a title
– Frame(String title) //creates a window with the title specified by title.

 There are several methods that are used when working with Frame
windows

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 Working with Frames

 The setSize() method is used to set the dimensions of the

window
– void setSize(int newWidth, int newHeight)
– void setSize(Dimension newSize)

 The dimensions are specified in terms of pixels

 The setLocation() method is used to set the location of the
window
– void setLocation(int newX, int newY)
– void setLocation(Dimension newXY)

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 Working with Frames
 After a frame window has been created, it will not be
visible until we call setVisible(boolean)
– void setVisible(boolean visibleFlag)
– The component is visible if the argument to this method is
true, otherwise, it is hidden.

 We can change the title in a frame window using

setTitle(), which has this general form:
– void setTitle(String newTitle)

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Creating an AWT-Based Application
// A Simple AWT-Based Program
import java.awt.*;
public class MyWindowsDemo extends Frame
{
Window closing
public static void main(String args[]) button will not
{ work
MyWindowsDemo win=new MyWindowsDemo();
win.setLocation(10,10);
win.setSize(250,200);
win.setTitle("My First GUI Program");
win.setVisible(true);
}
}

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 Creating an AWT-Based Application

 Another Example
– A program that creates a frame window, which
terminates the program when the window closing
button (top right corner) is pressed.

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Creating an AWT-Based Application
 To intercept a window close event, we must implement/override the
windowClosing(Window Event we) method of the
WindowAdapter class.

 Inside windowClosing method, we must remove the window from

the screen or terminate the program, as appropriate.

 We must also add/register WindowListener to our frame

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Creating an AWT-Based Application
import java.awt.Frame;
import java.awt.event.WindowAdapter;
import java.awt.event.WindowEvent;

class MyWindowAdapter extends WindowAdapter {

public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we) {
System.exit(0);
}
}

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Creating an AWT-Based Application
class MyWindowsDemo extends Frame {
public MyWindowsDemo(){
addWindowListener(new MyWindowAdapter());
}
public static void main(String[] args) { Window closing
button will work
MyWindowsDemo win = new MyWindowsDemo();
win.setLocation(10,10);
win.setSize(250,200);
win.setTitle("My First GUI Program");
win.setVisible(true);
}
}

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 Control Fundamentals
 Controls are components that allow a user to interact
with your application in various ways
 Example: A commonly used control is the push button
 The AWT supports the following types of controls:
– Labels
– Push buttons
– Check boxes
– Choice Lists
– Lists
– Scroll bars
– Text editing
 These controls are subclasses of Component

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 Control Fundamentals
 To include a control in a window, we must add it
to the window/frame
 To do this, we must first create an instance of
the desired control and then add it to a window
by calling add(), which is defined by Container
 The add() method has several forms. One of
these is:
– Component add(Component compObj)

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 Labels
 A label is an object of type Label, and it contains a
string, which it displays
 Labels are passive controls that do not support any
interaction with the user
 Label defines the following Constructors:
– Label()
– Label(String str)
– Label(String str, int how)
 The first version creates a blank label
 By default, the string is left justified
 how specifies alignment of string, it must be one of the
three constants
– Label.LEFT, Label.RIGHT, or Label.CENTER 14
 Labels
 We can also use the following methods on a label:
– void setText(String str)

– String getText()

 Alignment methods can also be used:

– void setAlignment(int how)

– int getAlignment()

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 Labels
// Demonstrate Labels
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class MyLabels extends Frame{
MyLabels() {
addWindowListener(new MyWindowAdapter());
Panel panel = new Panel();
Label one = new Label("One");
Label two = new Label("Two");
Label three = new Label("Three");
panel.add(one);
panel.add(two);
panel.add(three);
add(panel);
}
}

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 Labels
public class MyLabelsDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
MyLabels win=new MyLabels();
win.setSize(300,200);
win.setTitle("Labels");
win.setVisible(true);
}
}
class MyWindowAdapter extends WindowAdapter {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we) {
System.exit(0);
}
}

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 Responding to Controls
 Except for labels, which are passive controls, all
control generate events when they are accessed
by the user
 Example:
– When the user clicks on a push button, an event is
sent that identifies the push button
 Our program must implement the appropriate
interface and then register an event listener
for each control that we need to monitor
 Once a listener is installed, events are
automatically sent to it
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 Buttons
 A push button is a component that contains a
label and that generates an event when it is
pressed
 Push buttons are objects of type Button
 Button defines these two constructors:
– Button()
– Button(String str)
 Setter and getter are:
– Void setLabel(String str)
– String getLabel()
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 Buttons
 Each time a button is pressed, an action event is
generated
 This is sent to any listeners that previously registered an
interest in receiving action event notifications from that
component
 Each Listener implements the ActionListener interface
 That interface defines the actionPerformed() method,
which is called when an event occurs
 An ActionEvent object is supplied as the argument to
this method
– It contains both a reference to the button that generated the
event and a reference to the string that is the label of the button
– Usually, either value may be used to identify the button
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 Buttons
 If label of the button is to be used to determine
which button has been pressed
– the label is obtained by calling the
getActionCommand() method on the ActionEvent
object passed to actionPerformed()

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 Buttons
// Demonstrate Buttons
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class MyButtons extends Frame implements ActionListener{
Panel panel;
Label label;
Button yes, no, maybe;
MyButtons() {
addWindowListener(new MyWindowAdapter());
panel = new Panel();
yes = new Button("Yes");
no = new Button("No");
maybe = new Button("Undecided");
label = new Label("Press a button");

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 Buttons
yes.addActionListener(this);
no.addActionListener(this);
maybe.addActionListener(this);
panel.add(yes);
panel.add(no);
panel.add(maybe);
panel.add(label);
add(panel);
}

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 Buttons
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{
String str = ae.getActionCommand();
if(str.equals("Yes"))
{label.setText("You pressed Yes.");}
else if(str.equals("No"))
{label.setText("You pressed No.");}
else
{label.setText("You pressed undecided.");}
repaint();
}
}
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 Buttons
public class MyButtonsDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
MyButtons win=new MyButtons();
win.setSize(250,150);
win.setTitle("Buttons");
win.setVisible(true);
}
}
class MyWindowAdapter extends WindowAdapter {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we) {
System.exit(0);
}
}

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 Checkboxes
 A check box is a control that is used to turn an option on
or off
 It consists of a small box that can either contain a check
mark or not
 There is a label associated with each checkbox that
describes what option the box represents
 We change the state of a check box by clicking on it
 Check boxes can be used individually or as part of a group
 Check boxes are objects of the Checkbox class

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 Checkboxes
 Checkbox supports these constructors:
– Checkbox()
– Checkbox(String str)
– Checkbox(String str, boolean on)
– Checkbox(String str, boolean on,
CheckboxGroup cbGroup)
– Checkbox(String str, CheckboxGroup cbGroup,
boolean on)

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 Checkboxes
 To retrieve the current state of a checkbox, call
getState()
 To set its state, call setState()
 We can obtain the current label associated with a
checkbox by calling getLabel()
 To set the label, call setLabel()
 The methods are:
– boolean getState()
– void setState(boolean on)
– String getLabel()
– void setLabel(String str)
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 Checkboxes
 Each time a checkbox is checked or unchecked, an item
event is generated
 This is sent to any listeners that previously registered an
interest in receiving item event notifications from that
component
 Each listener implements the ItemListener interface.
 That interface defines the itemStateChanged() method
 An ItemEvent object is supplied as the argument to this
method
 It contains information about the event (for example,
whether it was a selection or de-selection)
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 Checkboxes
// Demonstrate Checkboxes
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
class MyCheckboxes extends Frame implements ItemListener{
Panel panel;
Label label;
String msg="";
Checkbox Win98, winNT, solaris, mac;
MyCheckboxes()
{
addWindowListener(new MyWindowAdapter());
label = new Label();
panel = new Panel();

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 Checkboxes
Win98 = new Checkbox("Windows 98", null, true);
winNT = new Checkbox("Windows NT/2000");
solaris = new Checkbox("Solaris");
mac = new Checkbox("MacOS");
Win98.addItemListener(this);
winNT.addItemListener(this);
solaris.addItemListener(this);
mac.addItemListener(this);
panel.add(Win98);
panel.add(winNT);
panel.add(solaris);
panel.add(mac);
panel.add(label);
add(panel);
}

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 Checkboxes
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie)
{repaint();}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
msg = "Current state: ";
msg += " Windows 98: " + Win98.getState();
msg += " Windows NT/2000: " + winNT.getState();
msg += " Solaris: " + solaris.getState();
msg += " MacOS: " + mac.getState();
label.setText(msg);
}
}
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 Checkboxes
public class MyCheckboxesDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
MyCheckboxes win=new MyCheckboxes();
win.setSize(550,150);
win.setTitle("Checkboxes");
win.setVisible(true);
}
}
class MyWindowAdapter extends WindowAdapter {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we) {
System.exit(0);
}
}
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 Recommended Readings
 Pages 669-682, Chapter # 23: Introducing the
AWT: Working with Windows, Graphics, and
Text from Herbert Schildt, Java: The Complete
Reference, J2SETM 5 Edition

 Chapter # 24: Using AWT Controls, Layout

Managers, and Menus from Herbert Schildt,
Java: The Complete Reference, J2SETM 5 Edition

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