Power Calculations

• EFFECTIVE VALUES: RMS

• The effective value of a voltage or current is also
known as the root-mean-square (rms) value.
• The effective value of a periodic voltage
waveform is based on the average power
delivered to a resistor.
• For a dc voltage across a resistor,
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• For a periodic voltage across a resistor,
effective voltage is defined as the voltage that
is as effective as the dc voltage in supplying
average power.
• Effective voltage can be computed using the
equation
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• Computing average resistor power
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• Equating the expressions for average power in
last 2 Eqs.

,
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• Resulting in the expression for effective or rms
voltage

• The effective value is the square root of the

mean of the square of the voltage ,hence the
term root mean square.
• Similarly, rms current is developed from
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• The usefulness of the rms value of voltages
and currents lies in the computing power
absorbed by resistances. Additionally, ac
power system voltages and currents are
invariably given in rms values.
• Ratings of devices such as transformers are
often specified in terms of rms voltage and
current.
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• Example :Determine the rms value of the
periodic pulse waveform that has a duty ratio
of D as shown in Fig. 2-4.

Figure 2-4 Pulse waveform .

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■ Solution
• The voltage is expressed as
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• Example : Determine the rms values of (a) a
sinusoidal voltage of v(t)=Vm sin(wt),
(b) a full wave rectified sine wave of
v(t)=|Vm sin(wt)|, and (c) a half-wave rectified
sine wave of v(t)=Vm sin(wt) for 0 < t
<T/2 and zero otherwise.
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■ Solution
• (a) The rms value of the sinusoidal voltage is

• Where T = 2π , An equivalent expression uses

(wt) as the variable of integration. Without
showing the details of the integration, the
result is
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• Note that the rms value is independent of the

frequency.
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(a) Sine wave

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• (b) Equation

• can be applied to the full-wave rectified

sinusoid, but the results of part (a) can also be
used to advantage. The rms formula uses the
integral of the square of the function. The
square of the sine wave is identical to the square
of the full-wave rectified sine wave, so the rms
values of the two waveforms are identical:
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(b) full-wave rectified sine wave

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• (c) Equation

• can be applied to the half-wave rectified

sinusoid.
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• The result of part (a) will again be used to
evaluate this expression. The square of the
function has one-half the area of that of the
functions in (a) and (b). That is,
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• The last term on the right is the rms value of a
sine wave which is known to be , so the
rms value of a half-wave rectified sine wave is
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(c) half-wave rectified sine wave.