Condensed Matter Physics

Assignment -1
Presented by : Manjubala
Enrollmeny no. : 2021IMSBPH009
Integrated MSc BEd / sem-2

Submitted to : Dr. Neeraj Panwar

Central University of Rajasthan

Hall Effect
• It was discovered by Edwin Hall in
1879.

• The Hall effect is the production of a

voltage difference (the Hall voltage)
across an electrical conductor that is
transverse to an electric current in the
conductor and to an applied magnetic
field perpendicular to the current.
 Applications of Hall Effect as a sensor

 Magnetic sensors are solid state devices which generate electrical

signals proportional to the magnetic field applied on it.
 These electrical signals are then further processed by a user specific
electronic circuit to give the desired output.
 An external magnetic field is used to activate these Hall Effect
Sensors.
 When the magnetic flux density in the vicinity of Sensor goes beyond
a specific defined threshold, it is detected by the Sensor.
 On detection, the Sensor generates an output voltage which is also
known as Hall Voltage.
1. Magnetometers

 Smartphones are equipped with

magnetic compass.

 These magnetometers are sensors

based on hall effect.
2. Speed Detection
 These sensors are
composed of a Hall
Element and a
permanent magnet which
are placed near a
toothed disk attached on
the rotating shaft.
3. Current Sensor
 When electrons flow through
a conductor, a magnetic
field is produced.

 The magnetic field

generated by the current is
sensed by the integrated
Hall IC and converted into a
proportional voltage.
4. Electric Motor Control

Some types of brushless DC

electric motors use Hall effect
sensors to detect the position of
the rotor and feed that
information to the motor
controller. This allows for more
precise motor control.
5. Spacecraft Propulsion

A radial magnetic field

established by magnets on
the thruster is used to
trap electrons which then
orbit and create an
electric field due to the
Hall effect.
6. Automotive Fuel Level Indicator

The fuel level is

indicated and
displayed by
proper signal
condition of Hall
voltage.
Integral and fractional quantum
hall effect
 The quantum Hall effect (or integer quantum Hall effect) is a
quantized version of the Hall effect which is observed in two-
dimensional electron systems subjected to low temperatures
and strong magnetic fields, in which the Hall resistance Rxy
exhibits steps that take on the quantized values.

 Where Vhall is the Hall voltage, Ichannel is the channel

current, e is the elementary charge and h is Planck’s constant.
 The divisor ν can take on
either integer (ν = 1, 2,
3,...) or fractional (1/3,
2/5, 3/7, 2/3, 3/5,...)
values. Here, ν is roughly
but not exactly equal to the
filling factor of Landau
levels.
 The quantum Hall effect is
referred to as the integer or
fractional quantum Hall
effect depending on
whether ν is an integer or
fraction, respectively.
 Spin Hall Effect (SHE)
 The spin Hall effect (SHE)
is a transport phenomenon
predicted by Russian physicists
Mikhail I. Dyakonov and
Vladimir I. Perel in 1971.

 Itconsists of the appearance of spin accumulation on

the lateral surfaces of an electric current-carrying
sample, the signs of the spin directions being opposite
on the opposing boundaries.sicists
 Anomalous Hall Effect
 The Anomalous Hall effect describes the fact that when an
electrical current flows in a ferromagnetic metallic wire, an
electrical current flows perpendicularly to the wire due to the
magnetization of the ferromagnetic wire.

 The effect is originated from a

magnetic interaction of orbital
moment on conduction electrons
with spin of localized localized electrons.

. Spin dependent force deflects like-spin particles.

Thank You