TERMINOLOGY

031 – MASS AND BALANCE

PRT-031-04/REV.1 - 21.01.2022
 MASS DEFINITIONS
Basic Empty Mass (BEM):
•Mass of aircraft (engine, fuselage, all the structure,ballast masses)
•Unsuable fuel and unusable fluids •Emergency oxygen equipment
•Lubricating oil in the engine •Supplementary electronic equipment
•Fire extinguishers •Pyrotechnics

BEM!

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 MASS DEFINITIONS
Variable Load (Operational Items):
•Crew and Crew Baggage
•Food and Baverages
•Catering, Passenger Service Equipments
•Lavatory Chemicals
•Potable Water
VL!

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 MASS DEFINITIONS
Dry Operating Mass:
•Total mass of aeroplane ready for a specific type of operation exluding usable
fuel and traffic load.
•Basic Empty Mass + Variable Load

DOM!

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 MASS DEFINITIONS
Traffic Load:
•Passenger •Cargo( Freight)
•Baggage •Including any non-revenue load

TL!

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 FUEL DEFINITONS
Take off Fuel:
• All the usable fuel at the Break Release Point (BRP)
TOF!

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 FUEL DEFINITONS
Block (Ramp) Fuel:
• All the fuel at the ramp before engine start

BLOCK FUEL!

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 FUEL DEFINITONS
LM

Ramp Mass

Reserve fuel

Ramp Fuel
Reserve fuel???? -trip fuel
-start/taxi fuel

TOM

TOF

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 RESERVE FUEL
Reserve Fuel:

 Contingency: Unexpected conditions such as turbulence,

traffic,etc. Max %5 of trip fuel or 5 mins holding whichever is
greater.

 Alternate : To divert an alternate aerodrome in case of

emergency.
 Final Reserve : For holding at alternate aerodrome at 1500 ft.
30 min for turbojet
45 min for propeller
 Additional: For isolated aerodromes such as oceanic sector flight.

+ Extra : Pilot decisions made according to experience.

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 MASS EQUATIONS

Fuel:  Block fuel - taxi = TOF

 TOF - trip = Reserve fuel
TOF = trip + Reserve (CAFA+Extra)
Mass:
 Ramp Mass( Taxi) - taxi = TOM
 TOM – trip = LM
TOM = LM + trip

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 MASS EQUATIONS
ZEROFUEL
MASS

TOM = DOM + TOF + TL

BEM + VL

OPERATING USEFUL LOAD

MASS

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 MASS EQUATIONS

Operating Mass= DOM+TOF

Zerofuel Mass = DOM+TL
Useful Load = TOF + TL

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 UNIT CONVERSION
 All the conversions must be made with actual values or
by using standart values as specified in the Operations
Manual if actual value is not known.

IMP = 1.2 X USG

M = 3.28 X FT

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 FUEL LOADING
 The amount of fuel loaded on an aircraft must be entered
to mass balance sheet in mass units such as kg, lb.
 The fuel volume must be converted to mass by using
density or specific gravity.

Density= SI UNIT :

Specific Gravity= UNITLESS

Ex: The specific gravity of AVGAS is given as 0.72.If volume is 93 lt,
what is mass?
specific gravity

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