Lesson 17

DETERMINING THE
SAMPLE SIZE THROUGH
COCHRAN’S FORMULA
COCHRAN EQUATION:

Where:
= sample size
= the critical value depending on the confidence level
= is the desired level of precision
= is the estimated proportion of an attribute that is present in the
population / degree of variability
=
EXAMPLE 1.

Suppose we want to calculate a sample size

of a large population whose degree of
variability is not known. Assuming the
maximum variability, which is equal to 50%,
and taking 95% confidence level with ±5%
precision. Calculate the required sample size.
 Suppose we want to calculate a sample size of a large
population whose degree of variability is not known.
Assuming the maximum variability which is equal to 50%, and
taking 95% confidence level with ±5% precision. Calculate
the required sample size.
GIVEN:
 Suppose we want to calculate a sample size of a large population whose degree
of variability is not known. Assuming the maximum variability which is equal to
50%, and taking 95% confidence level with ±5% precision. Calculate the required
sample size.
GIVEN:

So, the required

sample size is
385.
EXAMPLE 2.

A researcher wants to calculate the sample

size of a large population whose degree of
variability is equal to 65%. He wants to be
sure with 85% confidence level within a
degree of variability at ±3%. What would be
the number of samples does the researcher
need in his study?
 A researcher wants to calculate the sample size of a large
population whose degree of variability is equal to 65%. He
wants to be sure with 85% confidence level within a degree of
variability at ±3%. What would be the number of samples
does the researcher need in his study?
GIVEN:
 A researcher wants to calculate the sample size of a large population whose
degree of variability is equal to 65%. He wants to be sure with 85% confidence
level within a degree of variability at ±3%. What would be the number of samples
does the researcher need in his study?
GIVEN:

So, the required

sample size is
521.
 Lesson 18

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis testing is another area of Inferential

Statistics. It is a decision-making process for evaluating
claims about a population based on the characteristics
of a sample purportedly coming from that population.
The decision is whether the characteristics is acceptable
or not.
There are two (2) types of hypotheses such as
the alternative and the null hypothesis.

The alternative hypothesis denoted by , is a statement that

there is a difference between a parameter and a specific
value, or there is a difference between two parameters.

The null hypothesis as denoted by , is expressed in negative

statement.
Characteristics of Hypothesis

A good hypothesis, according to Garcia (2003), should:

1. be simple and specific;

2. be stated in an empirically testable form;

3. be related to the existing body of knowledge; and

4. indicate the specific nature of connection (difference,

relationship)
Rationality Between the Research Problem and
the Hypothesis

The hypothesis should be related to the research

problem. While the problem is stated in question form,
the hypothesis is stated in declarative form
(Catane,2000). They are similar, however, since they
state the relation of two variables and
measurability. (Bautista, 2016).
Formulating Hypotheses
Example 1:
Mathematics performance of NMS Grade 11 students in SAP.

There is a significant difference between the responses of the

respondents regarding their Mathematical performance in SAP.

There is no significant difference between the responses of

the respondents regarding their Mathematical performance in
SAP.
Formulating Hypotheses
Example 2:
Mathematics performance of NMS Grade 11 students in SAP.

There is a significant difference between the responses of the

respondents regarding their Mathematical performance in SAP.

There is no significant difference between the responses of

the respondents regarding their Mathematical performance in
SAP.
 GOOD
MORNING
 Lesson 19

PEARSON PRODUCT
MOMENT CORRELATION
COEFFICIENT
(PEARSON’S R)
Pearson Product Moment Correlation
Coefficient (Pearson’s r)

It is a linear correlation used to determine the

relationship between two sets of variables, X and Y.
This is the most common measure to determine the
association between two sets of variables
quantitatively.
Pearson Product Moment Correlation
Coefficient (Pearson’s r)

Where:
correlation between X and Y (Coefficient Correlation)
summation of the product of X and Y
summation of X
summation of Y
number of cases
 Steps in getting Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient

1. Find the sum of X and Y to get summation of X and Y.

2. Square individually X and Y data to get and .

3. Find the sum of and to get summation of and .

4. Multiply X and Y and add to get summation of XY.

5. Apply the formula.

Interpretation of Correlation
SCALE INTERPRETATION
Example:
Computation of Pearson-Product Moment Correlation Coefficient on
the Achievement Test between Biology (X) and Chemistry (Y) taken
by the B.S. Biology students in ABC University.
Student Biology (X) Chemistry (Y)
1 85 80
2 88 83
3 79 75
4 90 88
5 78 75
6 83 79
7 95 91
8 82 78
9 78 75
10 89 84
Student Biology (X) Chemistry (Y) XY
1 85 80
2 88 83
3 79 75
4 90 88
5 78 75
6 83 79
7 95 91
8 82 78
9 78 75
10 89 84
TOTAL 847 808
Student Biology (X) Chemistry (Y) XY
1 85 80 6800 7225 6400
2 88 83 7304 7744 6889
3 79 75 5925 6241 5625
4 90 88 7920 8100 7744
5 78 75 5850 6084 5625
6 83 79 6557 6889 6241
7 95 91 8645 9025 8281
8 82 78 6396 6724 6084
9 78 75 5850 6084 5625
10 89 84 7476 7921 7056
TOTAL 847 808 68723 72037 65570
Given:

DIRECTIONS: Answer the following question in your own words:

20 pts.
 
Interpretation: 1. What is basketball?
2. What are the varieties of basketball shots?
Given:

Interpretation:
Given:

Interpretation:
Given:

Interpretation:
Given:

Interpretation:
The r value obtained is 0.98 which
denotes very high relationship between
Biology and Chemistry achievement test taken
by B.S. Biology students in ABC University.
This means that if students got very high score
in Biology, they got also very high score in
Chemistry and if they got low score in Biology,
they will also get low score in Chemistry.
 Lesson 20

SPEARMAN
CORRELATION
COEFFICIENT OR
SPEARMAN RHO
(RANKING)
Spearman Correlation Coefficient or
Spearman rho (Ranking)

It is a linear correlation used to find out the

relationship of the paired ranks assigned to individuals
in two sets of variables X and Y. It is also
applicable to both descriptive and experimental
researches.
Spearman Correlation Coefficient or
Spearman rho (Ranking)

Where:
Spearman rho
sum of the squared difference between ranks
number of cases
 Steps in getting the Spearman rho

1. Rank the values from highest to lowest of the first set of

variable X’s and mark them as . The highest value is mark as 1;
second is 2; third is 3, and so on.

2. Rank the second set of variable Y’s in the same manner as in

Step 1 and mark them as .

3. Get the difference between and .

 Steps in getting the Spearman rho

4. Square the difference to get the .

5. Sum the squared difference to get .

6. Compute Spearman rho by applying the given formula.

7. The interpretation of the correlation will also be based from

the scale provided by the Pearson’s r.
Example:
Computation of Spearman Correlation Coefficient on the
Achievement Test between Biology (X) and Chemistry (Y) taken by the
B.S. Biology students in ABC University.
Student Biology (X) Chemistry (Y)
1 77 75
2 85 81
3 86 81
4 79 76
5 91 89
6 76 74
7 84 79
8 80 77
9 93 90
10 88 82
 Chemistry
Student Biology (X) (Y) D
1 77 75
2 85 81
3 86 81
4 79 76
5 91 89
6 76 74
7 84 79
8 80 77
9 93 90
10 88 82
TOTAL
 Chemistry
Student Biology (X) (Y) D
1 77 75 9 9 0 0
2 85 81 5 4.5 0.5 0.25
3 86 81 4 4.5 -0.5 0.25
4 79 76 8 8 0 0
5 91 89 2 2 0 0
6 76 74 10 10 0 0
7 84 79 6 6 0 0
8 80 77 7 7 0 0
9 93 90 1 1 0 0
10 88 82 3 3 0 0
TOTAL 0.50
Given:

Interpretation:
Given:

Interpretation:
Given:

Interpretation:
Given:

Interpretation:
Given:

Interpretation:
.
Given:

Interpretation:
The r value obtained is
1.00 which denotes perfect
relationship between Biology
and Chemistry achievement
test taken by B.S. Biology
students in ABC University.
This means that if students
got a perfect score in Biology,
they got also a perfect score in
Chemistry and if they got low
score in Biology, they will also
get low score in Chemistry.
Example:
Computation of Correlation Coefficient on an 80-item exam between
English (X) and Mathematics (Y) taken by the Grade 11 students in
DKZ High School.
Student English (X) Mathematics (Y)
1 56 66
2 75 70
3 45 40
4 71 60
5 62 65
6 64 56
7 58 59
8 80 77
9 76 67
10 61 63