Group 4

Assalamu’alaikum
Wr. Wb.
FITRAH RAMADHAN
KHOLIDA KHIRZIANA
ALYA KAHFI
A. Definition of
Comprehensible
Input

Comprehensible input is a second language

acquisition theory that was first developed by
linguist Stephen Krashen. The theory is
particularly helpful for teachers providing
students with second language instruction.
B. Comprehensible Input
Formula
Krashen's comprehensible input theory
is based on a very simple formula that
describes how second language
education can best serve the needs of
learners. The theory is i + 1, where i
stands for ''input.'' In this formula, the
input is the student's current level of
linguistic understanding in their second
language.
C. Hypotheses of Comprehensible Input
C

01 02 03
. Acquisition-Learning Monitor the Input hypothesis
hypothesis hypothesis

04 05
Affective Filter Natural Order
hypothesis hypothesis
 D. The Evidences of Hypotheses of
Comprehensible Input

01 02
02
Evidence in native Evidence in second
language learning language learning
E. Comprehensible Input Strategies

Direct Joint Coached Monitoring

Instruction Construction Construction
F. The Importance of
Comprehensible Input

Krashen further suggests that input

should not only be comprehensible but
also compelling. That means it should
be interesting to the learner.

Krashen argues that, sure, exposure to

comprehensible input is important. But if
the learner isn’t interested in that input,
they won’t pay attention to it. And
attention is an essential component of
the learning process.
G. Definition of Comprehensible Output

One theory of language acquisition is the

comprehensible output hypothesis.
Developed by Merrill Swain, the comprehensible
output (CO) hypothesis states that learning
takes place when learners encounter a gap in
their linguistic knowledge of the second
language (L2). By noticing this gap, learners
becomes aware of it and may be able to modify
their output so that they learn something new
about the language.
This hypothesis is closely related to the Noticing hypothesis.
Swain defines three functions of output:

Noticing function Hypothesis-testing function Metalinguistic function

H. The Importance of Output

As we know that comprehensible input is very important to learning a

language. That means lots of listening and reading.
But what about output? Aren't speaking and writing important, too?
As we have discussed above, there is a comprehensible output
hypothesis, proposed by Merrill Swain. She argues that some
language learning occurs when a learner produces output and notices
a gap in their language ability. They may then change their output
approach, and in so doing, develop their language ability.
Thank you 