Effective Water Management for

Presented By
Mr.A.A.Kulkarni
UNIT 1 Buildings and Environment 5 hrs
Energy concepts in building materials and buildings, Global
warming and environmental issues related to
building materials, Passive and active energy systems, Buildings
and climate, Cost effective vs. Energy
efficiency in buildings.
UNIT 2 Ferrocement, Ferro-concrete and Fibre reinforced
composites 8 hrs
Introduction, Materials, Construction methods, Durability,
Mechanical properties, Applications, Design
examples, Ferro-concrete, Applications , Design examples
Fibre reinforced cement composites : Materials, Mechanical
properties of FRC, Analysis and behaviour,
Applications
Fibre reinforced polymer composites : Materials, manufacturing
Processes and Applications
UNIT 3 Building blocks and Mortars for Masonry 8 hrs
Introduction, Stone and Laterite blocks, Burnt clay bricks,
Solid and Hollow concrete blocks, Terracotta blocks,
Stabilized Mud blocks, Stone masonry blocks, Selection of
building blocks.
Lime, Lime pozzolona and combination mortars for
masonry, Raw materials, Process, Properties and Uses,
Practical aspects
UNIT 4 Introduction to design of load bearing
structures 5 hrs
Stresses in masonry under compression, Factors influencing
compressive strength of masonry, Strength of
masonry under compression, Bond strength in masonry,
Elastic properties, Design of masonry under vertical
gravity loads.
UNIT 5 Alternative Roofing Systems 8 hrs
Concepts in roofing alternatives, Thatch roofs, Filler slab roofs,
Filler materials, Composite beam-panel roofs /
floors, hollow hourdi/concrete block roofs / floors.
Masonry Domes and Vaults: Historical notes, Relevance of
vaults and domes, Analysis and design of brick
masonry domes, construction of masonry domes, design of
brick masonry vaults, Construction of vaults,
Problems of lateral thrust, Vaults and domes.
UNIT 6 Concepts of Green Buildings 6 hrs
Sustainability concepts, Forms of energy, Embodied and Life
cycle energy, Energy Efficiency in Building
materials. Building Materials from Agro and Industrial waste,
Biomass resources, treated thatch, Industrial
wastes, Use of industrial wastes, Active and Passive energy
systems, Rain water harvesting, Cladding materials.
 CONTENTS
 Role ofWater in Human Life
 Sources, Present Status, Reasons of Shortage of Water
 Need, Concept, Types and Benefits of Water Management
 Success Story- Hivare Bazar Village
 Statistical Data- Previous & present
 Methods adopted/Implemented
 Output/Result
 Conclusion
 Technology in Rural Development
 Institutes offering Education in Rural Development
 C-TARA IIT, Mumbai
 IRM Anand (Gujrat)
 Implementation 4 R Concept
 Towards Developed Nation through Effective Water
Management
Importance of water in life
Water is the driver of Nature.
- Leonardo da Vinci

Waterto drink; we need to stay hydrated to remain alive; we are 55 –

75% water!
Water has always been the most necessary resource for life on earth
and therefore human development.

Solar energy converted by plants; water is the catalyst that helps plants
grow.

Water vapor in the atmosphere traps radiation and warms up the Earth.

Earth’s oceans affect climate and store heat.

 Importance of water

Some Domestic
uses of water.
 Present Status
Water Conserve most of earth surface
 Rain Water in India
 Total annual rainfall in India:
400 million hectare-meters (area x height)
 India’s area: 329 million hectares
 If evenly spread, average height: 1.28m
 Actual distribution:
◦ Highly skewed area-wise
◦ The desert receives less than 200mm annually, while
Cherrapunji receives 11,400mm
◦ But almost every part of India receives at least 100mm annually
 Key: even 100mm annual rainfall sufficient if harvested properly
and where it falls
 Rainfall in India seasonal (unlike Western countries)
 Natural implication of such skew:
◦ Most of the rain water lost due to runoffs
◦ Unlike the west, very little water percolates into the ground
◦ Hence, the importance of harvesting structures for local self-
sufficiency
 Reasons of Shortage of Water
 Growing Population
 Rapid Industrialization
 Urbanization
 Decrease in surface area of Lakes
 Deforestation
) Less precipitation
(ii) Absence of Barriers
(a) Rain drops checked by leaves of tree
(b) Water slowly descends through twigs & trunk
© Humus – acts as reservoir
(d) Tiny creatures – helps percolation

Lake Surface Area

Decrease

1 hectare of forest-6-7 Lac ton of water

(after filtering) top layer can hold 1.2 Lac tons of water
What is the solution ?
 Rain water is the ultimate source of fresh water
 Potential of rain to meet water demand is
tremendous
 Rain water harvesting helps to overcome water
scarcity
 To conserve ground water the aquifers must be
recharged with rain water
 Rain water harvesting is the ultimate answer

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 Water Harvesting for
Rural Development
 Need for Rain Water Harvesting-
Water is a becoming a scarce commodity
and it is considered as a liquid gold
 Methods of Water Harvesting

Harvesting of Roof top rain water / storm run

off
Recharge pit
Recharge trench
Tube well
Recharge well
Rural Area: Harvesting of rain water through
•Percolation tank
•Check Dams / Cement Plugs / drain bunds
•Recharge shaft
•Dug well recharge
•Ground water dams or Sub- surface dykes
What is rain water harvesting ?
Itis the activity of direct collection of
rain water
Rain water can be stored for direct use
or can be recharged into the ground
water aquifer

How?
The concept is simple
 Collect
 Store and use
 Recharge
Why Rain water be harvested
 To conserve & augment the storage of ground water
 To reduce water table depletion
 To improve the quality of ground water
 To arrest sea water intrusion in coastal areas
 To avoid flood & water stagnation in urban areas
 RWH - yield copious amounts of water. For an average rainfall of
1,000mm, approximately four million litres of rainwater can be
collected in a year in an acre of land (4,047 m2), post-evaporation.
 As RWH - neither energy-intensive nor labour-intensive
 It can be a cost-effective alternative to other water-accruing
methods.
 With the water table falling rapidly, & concrete surfaces and
landfill dumps taking the place of water bodies, RWH is the most
reliable solution for augmenting groundwater level to attain self-
sufficiency

4
Importance of Water Harvesting
 Ground water exploitation in India is very high
◦ Area irrigated by ground water has increased 5 times since
independence
◦ Tubewells and borewells constructed primarily by larger
farmers, encouraged by cheap electricity drain ground water
 Big dam projects have hardly had any positive impact
◦ Very few surface irrigation initiatives completed since
independence
◦ Too expensive to complete (estimate: Rs. 60000 crore to
complete all ongoing major irrigation projects)
◦ More importantly, displace communities,
◦ Also reduce soil quality, lead to deforestation, all of which is
detrimental to ground water levels
 To find out: what is the proportion of land irrigated by ground
water versus dams
 Traditional water harvesting systems have withstood the test of
time
◦ Hence, worth taking seriously, of course in the current context
and fully understanding their limitations
RWH – Methodologies

Roof Rain Water Harvesting

 Land based Rain Water Harvesting
 Watershed based Rain Water harvesting
Roof & Land based RWH
Public, Private, Office & Industrial buildings
Pavements, Lawns, Gardens & other open spaces
RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM
Collection (Catchment)
Flat / sloping roofs

Transportation: Downtake
pipes

Leaf and grit

filter, First flush
device

Storage in tanks

Recharge into open wells /

borewells / percolation pits /
trenches
The roof catchment are selectively cleaner
when compared to the ground level
catchment
Losses from roof catchment are minimum
Built & Maintained by local communities
No Chemical contamination & only required
filtration
Available at door step with least cost

16
The typical roof top rain water harvesting
system comprises
Roof catchment
◦ catchment for collecting rain water
◦ Water available from Roof
Gutters
◦ to collect & transport the rainwater from the roof
Down pipe & first flushing pipe
◦ carries the rainwater from the gutters to the filter & storage tank
Filter Unit
◦ to avoid the entering unwanted material into the Filter media & storage
tank to remove the debris & dirt from water that enters the tank
Storage Tank
◦ store the water that is collected from the roof through filter
◦ Size of Storage Tank

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Rain Water Harvesting– Advantages

1.Provides self-sufficiency to water supply

2.Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water
3.Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals
4.Improves the quality of ground water through
dilution when recharged
5.Reduces soil erosion & flooding in urban areas
6.The rooftop rain water harvesting is less expensive &
easy to construct, operate and maintain
7. In desert, RWH only relief
8. In saline or coastal areas & Islands, rain water
provides good quality water
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
 Water Harvesting

 Even 100mm Annual

Rainfall Sufficient
If Harvested Properly
And Where It Falls
Watershed Development
Limited water resources,-
more demand.
Watershed is the basic scientific unit.
Need for proper planning and management.
Integrated watershed development approach
Watershed Characteristics.
Hydrology of watershed.

Watershed (ha)Classification
50,000-2,00,000 Watershed

10,000-50,000 Sub-watershed

1,000-10,000 Milli- watershed

100-1,000 Micro-watershed

10-100 Mini-watershed
Appropriate Technology

Water conservation and

groundwater recharge techniques

Water harvesting cum

supplementary irrigation techniques
Appropriate Technology
 Towards Developed Nation
Effective Water Harvesting Management
 Maharashtra : Hivare Bazaar
A VILLAGE WITH 54 MILLIONAIRES
By Neha Sakhuja, ‘Down To Earth’, January 31, 2008 issue,
Pub: Society for Environmental Communications, New Delh
Hivare Bazar, a village in Maharashtra’s drought-prone
Ahmednagar district, was sliding into an abyss after
degrading its environment. But in less than a decade it
turned itself around: into one of the most prosperous
and model villages in the country.
Through intelligent use of funds from government
schemes, it regenerated its natural resources – forests,
watershed and soil – led by a strong Gram sabha (village
council) and a determined village population.
With just 400 mm of annual rainfall, drought was chronic
and acute. The village faced an acute water crisis, its
traditional water storage systems were in ruins. Green
hills, once home to mogra flowers and fruit trees, stood
denuded and overgrazing had made grass scarce. People
were forced to migrate to cities in search of work.
In 1992, the district was brought under the Joint Forest Mgmt program. With EGS funds
and labour donations, the panchayat built 40,000 contour trenches around the hills to
arrest runoff, conserve rainwater and recharge groundwater. Surface storage systems
were created and the villagers also took up plantation and forest regeneration activities.
Dr. B. K. Mukherjee 27

Hivare Bazaar : Adarsh Gaon
In 1994, the Maharashtra government brought Hivare Bazaar under the Adarsh Gaon
Yojana (AGY), which was based on five principles: a ban on liquor, cutting trees, free
grazing, and family planning and contributing village labour for development work. The
gram sabha was the force behind village regeneration: it took decisions consensually
and people listened.
 The first work it took up was planting of trees on forest land and people were persuaded
to stop grazing there. With the water conservation schemes, the little rainfall that is
received is trapped and stored into the soil. The number of wells have now increased
from 97 to 217 and irrigated land has more than doubled.
 Grass production went up from 100 MT in 2000 to 6000 MT in 2004. With more grass
available, milch livestock numbers have multiplied and milk production rose from 150
litres/day in mid-1990s to 4000 litres/day in 2007.
 WATER AUDIT: Since 2002, the village measures the total availability of water every
year and consensually decides on the agricultural cropping pattern to be taken up.
Normally, crops like moong, bajra and gram, which require less water, are preferred.
During years of surplus water, wheat and jwari are also grown.
 With 400 mm of rainfall, Hivare Bazaar is self-sufficient. To control any shortfall, the
gram sabha has banned borewells. Water for drinking (for humans and animals) and
other daily use gets priority. 70% of the remaining water is used for irrigation. The
remaining water is used to recharge groundwater.
 The water audit has been very useful in ensuring sustainability of both agriculture and
water available for drinking purposes for humans and livestock. Even during droughts,
Hivare Bazaar is the only village that does not require Govt. tankers.
Dr. B. K. Mukherjee 28
GROUND WATER RECHARGING
SLOPE: The ground slope is a key limiting
factor to water harvesting. Water harvesting is
not recommended for areas where slopes are
greater than 5% due to uneven distribution of
run-off and large quantities of earthwork
required which is not economical. SOILS:
Should have the main attributes of soils which
are suitable for irrigation: they should be deep,
not be saline or sodic and ideally possess
inherent fertility. A serious limitation for the
application of water harvesting are soils with a
sandy texture. If the infiltration rate is higher
than the rainfall intensity, no runoff will occur.
COSTS: The quantities of earth/stonework
involved in construction directly affects the
cost of a scheme or, if it is implemented on a
self help basis, indicates how labour intensive
its construction will be
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
SURFACE WATER HARVESTING
is a technique of collection and storage of rain
water in surface (storage tanks) before it is lost as
surface runoff.
accumulation and deposition of rainwater for
reuse before it reaches the aquifer.
 GROUND WATER RECHARGE
is a technique of collection and
storage of rain water in sub surface
aquifer before it is lost as surface
runoff.

GROUND
METHODS-- SURFACE

Recharging of borewells
Recharging of ground water sources
GROUND WATER
HARVESTING
SITE SURVEY
 The roof catchment are
THANK selectively cleaner when
compared to the ground

YOU level catchment

After Permanent
Before Rainwater Harvesting