Chapter 5 Transformers and Amplifiers

1. Both transformers and amplifiers belongs to the family of two port

Network. One port is called the input port and the second port is
called the output port as shown in the figure below.

Input Two Port Output

Source Port Network Port Load
a s hid y
a m R
e rsit
v
Akr r Uni
E Ai
C
2. Both the Input and the or E ss output ports exhibit individual i-v
ro fe
nt P and the output characteristics.
characteristics calledistainput
As s
3. If the ports are linear then these characteristics can be modeled in
terms of separate Thevenin or Norton equivalents
4. The relationship between input and the output signals called Transfer
characteristics. This dependence between the ports is modeled by
means of dependent sources.
 From Ch.1
1. The Voltage Controlled Voltage Source(VCVS) +

VCVS Yields v=kvvx kvVx

+
v
Where kv is gain of voltage source and has
-
dimensions V/V. Means it is
2. The Current Controlled Current Source(CCCS)
dimensionless
VCCS yields i=ki.ix where ki has dimensions ki ix
i

A/A(dimensionless)
3. The Current Controlled VoltageRSource(CCVS) id
ash sity
ram niver +
The CCVS yields v=krix Where A r kr
k
i U has
C EA krix
+ v
dimension V/A i.e dimensions fe s s or E of Resistance
Pro
4. The Voltage Controlled
i stant Current Source(VCCS) -

As s
The VCCS yields i=kgvx. Constant kg has the
dimensions A/V i.e Conductance. kgvx i
(Dependent sources are being equipped with intelligent
controllers that monitors the controlling signal vx or ix and
continuously adjusts its voltage v
 5.1 Dependent Sources
• Dependent Sources are indispensable ingredient in
modeling the transformers and amplifiers.
• Except for the fact that the value of the dependent
sources depend on a controlling voltage vx or
current sources ix somewhere hid else in the circuit, a
Ras sity
dependent sources Akrfunctions am niver
i r U much like
EA
independent sourcesfessand or EC
providing the designated
Pro
voltages or the
As s
i standesignated currents regardless of
t

the load Current or voltage requirements.

• A dependent source will either release or absorb
power, depending upon whether current enters or
leave the positive terminal of source
Problem 1: Find ix and Kr.ix in the circuit and Verify the conservation of power

• Solution: Positive sign inside the source indicate it is dependent

voltage source. Next to kr, ix shows controlling signal is a current
2 Ohms
we Thus have CCVS producing a voltage
Vccvs=Kr.ix ix
Where Kr=Vccvs/ix= V/A or 3Ω(given). + +
Kr.ix
20V
* To find ix use KVL
hid y
20  2ix  3ix  ix  4 A a m Ra s
ve rsit
Kr=3 Ohms

Akr r Uni
Hence kr ix  3  4  12V C E Ai
ss or E
• Recheck Pro fe
2 2
power p1  2  ix  2  4  32W
nt
• The resistance absorbing
ista
As s
• Since the current exits the positive terminal of the independent
Source and enters in to the positive terminal of dependent source so
the former is releasing power p2  20  4  80W
• The latter is absorbing power pCCVS  12  4  48W
32W  48W  80W
Problem 2:Find vx and kg.vx in the circuit and find power conservation

Solution
Here the dependent source is current 1A A + Kg.vx
source and presence of symbol vx 2
Ohms vx
With Kg shows that the controlling - Kg=1/6
Ohms
signal is voltage. Thus we have a VCCS
which is drawing current
ivccs  k g vx  k g  ivccs / vx  Ashi/dV   1 Or 1/ 6
Ra
rs ity
• To find vx we apply KCL at node am ve
AkrAr Uni
1  k v  v / 2  1  v / 6  v / 2  1  vx / 2  vx / 6
g x x r ECxE Ai
x
s o
fes
1  (3vx  avntxP) / 6  6 
ro 2v x  vx  3V
• Now ssis
t
k v  (1/ 6)3  3 / 6  1/ 2  0.5 A
g x A

• For Power Conservation 2 2

• R absorb power p1  vx i  vx  vx / R  vx / R  3 / 2  9 / 2  4.5W
• Both sources are releasing power 3  1  3W , PVCCS  3  0.5  1.5W
* Power released= Power absorbed
3W  1.5W  4.5W
 5.2 Circuit Analysis with Dependent Sources
• We have concluded from previous section that
Dependent Sources can not be suppressed this will
invalidate the constraint between the controlled
source and the controlling signal.
• However we can still suppress hid the Independent
Ras sity
Source to find the Req. Abecause m
kra Unive
r
their values do not
A ir
depend on the rest ofessothe r EC circuit.
E

Prof
• Linearity alsoAssholds
i sta nt
with dependent sources so we
can apply any analytical tool studied in previous
chapters i.e Ohm’s Law, KVL, KCL, Source
transformation, Thevenin Theorem and Norton
Theorem and Superposition Principal
Applying Nodal Analysis to solve circuits having dependent sources
Problem 3 : Apply Nodal Analysis to the circuit and find ix and krix
• Solution: The dependent
3 Ohm 2 Ohm
source is CCVS and it is
ix
producing voltage 4ix
Kr.ix
• Apply KCL at the node +
+
3A
v1 we obtained 12V
a s hid y Kr=4 Ohm
12  v1 v1  4ix a m R
ve rsit
 3 ...( A) Akr r Uni
Ai
3 2 or E
C E
Solving Eq. A ss
Profe 3 Ohm v1 2 Ohm
nt
a i
24  2v1  18  3v1ssist12 x ix
A
5v1  12ix  6 4ix
+
12  v1 +
Where ix  ..( B ) 12V
3A
3
Placing value of ix
12  v1
5v1  12( )6
3
• Continue…
3 Ohm v1 2 Ohm

12  v1 ix 1A
5v1  12( )6 2A

3 +
4ix
+
3A
5v1  48  4v1  6 12V
9v1  54
a s hid y
sit
v  6V
1
a m R
Akr r Uni
ve r
• Placing V1 in equation B we get E Ai
s or EC 12  v1 12  6
Profe
s ix    2  ix  2 A
• The Dependent Sourcesi stant
voltage is 3 3
A s vCCVS  k r ix  4 X 2  8V
• Recheck
* Current passing through 3Ω= 2A So voltage drop at this=3X2=6
*Current Passing through 2Ω is (8V-6V)/2=1A
*KCL at node v1 1A+2A=3A
Problem 4: Apply Nodal Analysis and find the current supplied
4k
by the Dependent
current Source
*We label the Fig a as in Fig.b
2k 3k
Physical units are in V, KΩ and mA
+ vx -
The dependent Source is VCCS
+ Kgvx
Having current iVCCS =kgvS 1k
5V Kg=1.5ks
• Apply KCL at node v1 and v2
5  v1 v v  v2
 1  1 hid
2 1 3 Ra s ity Fig. a
am ve r s
5  v1 3v1  v1  v2 Akr r Uni
 E Ai 4k
2 3 or EC
fe ss
15  3v1  6v1  2vt1Pr 2v2o
i stan 2k v1 3k v2
11v1  2v2 As s
 15.....( A)
+ vx -
v1  v2 v 5 + Kgvx
 1.5vx  2 1k
3 4 5V Kg=1.5ks
v1  v2  4.5v x v2  5

3 4 Fig. b

4v1  4v2  18v x  3v2  15

• Continue Equation of node V2 4k

4v1  4v2  18vx  3v2  15..( B ) 2k v1 3k v2

+ vx -
• Where vx  5  v1 …..(C) + Kgvx
1k
• Placing this value in above equation 5V Kg=1.5ks

4v1  7v2  18(5  v1 )  15 Fig. b

4v1  7v2  90  18v1  15Rashid ity

ra m ivers
A k r Un
4v1  7v2  18v1  105 C E Ai
ss or E
14v1 7v2  105......(
a nt PB
r )
ofe
sist by 7 and Eq. B by 2 and then adding we get
• Multiply equationAsA
77v1  14v2  105
28v1  14v2  210
105v1  315, v1  3V , v2  9V
• Vx from equation C vx  5  3  2V
• Hence
iVCCS  k g vx  1.5 X 2  3mA
 Loop or Mesh Analysis
Problem 5.: Apply loop analysis and find Power released or absorbed
by 6V source. Units are V, A andΩ. Source is CCCS
1.5ix
Answer: Loop 1
apply KVL we get equation 3 Ohm 5
0  2i1  3(i1  i3 )  6 ix
Ohm

0  2i1  3i1  3i3  6 +

2 Ohm
6V 4 Ohm
5i1  3i3  6....( A) s hid y
Ra sit
m e r
Loop 2, apply KVL a
Akr r Uni
v
A i Fig. a
6  5(i2  i3 )  4i2 or ECE 1.5ix
ss
rofe
5i2  5i3  4i2 ta n6
t P
is 13
As s 3 Ohm 5
9i2  5i3  6.....( B ) Ohm

Loop 3 i3  1.5ix ..(C ) +

Where ix  i2  i3 2 Ohm
i1
6V 4 Ohm
i2
Placing in Eq. C we get
i3  1.5(i2  i3 )  i3  3i2 ..(C ) Fig. b
• Placing this value of C in Eq. B 1.5ix
9i2  5(3i2 )  6.....( B)
13
9i2  15i2  6 3 Ohm 5
Ohm
6i2  6
+
i2  1A 2 Ohm
i1
6V 4 Ohm
i2
• Placing this value in Equations
i1  3 A
A and C we get a s hid y
R t
siFig.
i3  3 A kra m
ni ve r b
A r U
E Ai
The current out of the positive terminal or EC of the voltage Source is
i  i  i  1  (3)  2 A
6 vs 2 1 Profe
s s
This shows Source is delivering power
a nt
p6 vs  vi  6 X 2Assi 12W
st

i2   i1  (3)  3 A  avd v2  2 X 3  6V (ive at top)

Checking Loop 1:
i3  i1  i3  (3)  3  0 A So v3  0V
3  2  0  6  0  6V  6V (Checked )
KVL at Loop 1 yields:
i5  i2  i3  1  3  2 A  So v5  5  2  10V 
Checking
i  i Loop
1A 2:So v  4  1  4V (ive at bottom So KVL  10  4  6V
4 2 4
 6vx
3k
• Placing Eq. C in Eq. B +

8i2  6i1  6(6i1  6i2 )  10 + +

5mA

8i2  6i1  36i1  36i2  10 9V i1 vx 6k i2 2k 5

-
Fig. b
30i1  28i2  10....( B)
• Multiply Eq. A by10 & B by 3
s hid y
90i  60i  90....( A) and 90i  84i2  30....( B)
1 2 a m
Akr r Uni
Ra
ve rsit
1
• Subtract Equation A & B we get
r EC E Ai2
i
24i  60  i2  2.5mA
2
s o
• Placing i2 in Equation A rowe
fes get i1 as
a ntP
9i1  6(2.5)  9  9i1  15  9  9i1  24  i1  8 / 3
As s
ist
• Now vx v  6i  6i  6(8 / 3)  6(2.5)  v  1V
x 1 2 x
• Now Voltage of Dependent Source

vVCVS  6vx  6 X 1  6V
 :
Problem 6 Use Nodel Analysis to check the Answer of Previous Q
6vx
• We have 3k
+
v3k  9  vx (ive at left )
5mA
+ +
v6 k  vx (ive at top ) and 9V vx 6k 2k
Fig. a
v2 k  vx  6vx  5vx -

(Because D. Source and 6k are Parallel to 2k)

id
Apply KCL at super node(One current Rentering
ash sity three leaving)
r am ve
Akr r Uni
9  vx vx 5v 9  v vx  15vx  30 E A i
  5  x
e ss or EC x

3 6 ista 2 3
nt P
ro f
6
As s
54  6vx  3vx  45vx  90  36vx  36  vx  1V
Thus vVCVS  6vx  6 X 1  vVCVS  6V
Hence Verified
Problem 7 In the circuit of Figure a find value of RL for which power
transfer to RL is maximized
b) What is the value of max power 10 Ohms 20 Ohms A
Solution: a) Power transfer will be
maximized when RL=Req +
kgvx
+
vx 30 Ohms RL
12V
*Let us find Req by method 2. -1 -
kg=(5 Ohms)
* Kgvx=(1/5)vx=0.2vx
Fig.a B
* Remove load Apply test source 10 Ohms V1 20 Ohms A
See Fig.b and apply KCL s hid y
a sit
vx vx  v1 a m R
niv
e r + i
+
i   ...( AkrA )
U vx 30
A ir
30 20 or EC E 0.2vx - v
* Apply KCL at node V1 fe ss
Pro Fig.b B
t
vx  v 1 v s sista
n
1
 0.2vx  A
 30vx  30v1  v1  vx
20 10
* Apply KVL in First Loop we get v  vx
* Placing v1  vx and v  vx in Eq. A we get i  v / 7.5
* Finally the Req. is R  v / i  v
 7.5
eq
 2
b) The Maximum Power is pL (max)  vOC /(4 Re q)
So we need to find out Voc which is 10 Ohms V1 20 Ohms

vOC  vx...( B ) + +
* Apply KCL at node V1 vx
12V Voc
12  v1 v1  vx 0.2vx
30
 0.2vx  ...(C )
10 20
*Vx by Voltage divider formula
7.5 Ohms A
30
vx  v1  v1  (5 /h3) id vx
20  30 Ras sity
am niver +
• Placing V1 in Eq C we get vx A 3iV kr
U
E Ar 3V Thevenin Equivalent RL
• Placing vx  3V in Equation r EC B we get
s so
ofe
vOC  3
sta
V nt Pr
• Thevenin Equivalent i
Ass is shown B
• Finally the maximum Power is
2 2
v OC 3
pL (max)    0.3W
4 Re q 4  7.5