Economic Load Dispatch

• An optimal combination of power generating

units are selected so as to minimize the total
fuel cost while satisfying the load demand &
several operational constraints.

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• Involves solution of 2 main problems

Unit Commitment / Pre dispatch

Problem problem
ELD

on-line economic dispatch/Cost

Minimization (satisfying certain
Constraints)

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 Unit Commitment/ Pre dispatch
problem
• It is required to select optimally out of the
available generating sources to operate, to
meet the expected load .
• Provide a specified margin of operating
reserve over a specified period of time.

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 On-line economic dispatch
• It is required to distribute the load among the
generating units actually paralleled with the
system in such manner as to minimize the total
cost of supplying the minute-to-minute
requirements of the system.

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• In case of economic load dispatch the generations
are not fixed but they are allowed to take values
within certain limits so as to meet a particular
load demand with minimum fuel consumption.
• Choosing the one which is optimal in the sense
that it needs minimum cost of generation.
• Total cost of generation is a function of the
individual generation of the sources which can
take values within certain constraints, the cost of
generation will depend upon the system constraint
for a particular load demand.

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 Flexibility associated with

System Constraints them like the nodal

voltages and phase angles
between the nodal
voltages.

System
Constraints

Equality
Inequality
Constraints
Constraints

Definite and specific

like the tapping range
of an on-load tap
changing transformer Soft Type Hard Type

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 Equality Constraints
The equality constraints are the basic load flow
equations given by:

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 Inequality Constraints
➢ Generator Constraints
• The kVA loading on a generator is
• This should not exceed a pre specified value Cp because of the
temperature rise conditions,

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• The maximum active power generation of a source is
limited again by thermal consideration and also minimum
power generation is limited by the flame instability of a
boiler.
• If the power output of a generator for optimum operation
of the system is less than a pre specified value Pmin the
unit is not put on the bus bar because it is not possible to
generate that low value of power from that unit.
• Hence the generator powers Pp cannot be outside the
range stated by the inequality

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 Inequality Constraints
➢ Generator Constraints
•Maximum and minimum reactive power generation of a
source are limited.
•The maximum reactive power is limited because of
overheating of the rotor and minimum is limited because
of the stability limit of the machine.
•Hence the generator reactive power Qp cannot be outside
the range stated by the inequality, i.e.

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 Inequality Constraints
➢ Voltage Constraints
• It is essential that the voltage magnitudes and phase
angles at various nodes should vary within certain limits.
•The voltage magnitudes should vary within certain limits
because otherwise most of the equipment's connected to
the system will not operate satisfactorily or additional use
of voltage regulating devices will make the system
uneconomical.

Thus

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 Inequality Constraints
➢ Running spare capacity Constraints
These constraints are required to meet:
(i) The forced outages of one or more alternators on the
system,
(ii) The unexpected load on the system.
The total generation should be such that in addition to
meeting load demand and losses a minimum spare
capacity should be available i.e.,

where G is the total generation and Pso is some pre

specified power. A well planned system is one in which
this space capacity Pso is minimum.

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 Inequality Constraints
➢ Transformer tap settings
If an auto-transformer is used, the minimum tap setting could be zero and
the maximum one, i.e.,

Similarly for a two winding transformer if tappings are provided on the

secondary side,

where n is the ratio of transformation. Phase shift limits of the phase shifting
transformer

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 Inequality Constraints

➢ Transmission line constraints

The flow of active and reactive power through the transmission line
circuit is limited by the thermal capability of the circuit and is
expressed as

where Cp max is the maximum loading capacity of the pth line.

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 Generator Operating Cost
• The major component of generator operating
cost is the fuel input/hour, mainly for thermal
and nuclear station.

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 Fuel Cost Equation

1
C i or Fi = ai PGi + bi PGi + d i Rs / hr
2

2
• where the suffix i stands for the unit number.
dC
• The slope of the cost curve dP is called the
i

Gi
incremental Fuel cost(IC)

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 dC i
Incremental Fuel Cost(IC) dPGi

• Expressed in units of Rupees/Mega Watt

hour(Rs/MWhr).
IC = ai PGi + bi

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 ECONOMIC DISPATCH NEGLECTING
LOSSES
n
Min FT =  Fi
i =1
n
Subjected to PD =  Pi
i =1
n
PD −  Pi = 0
i =1

FT is total fuel input to the system.

Fi the fuel input to nth unit.
PD the total load demand.
Pi the generation of nth unit.

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• By making use of Lagrangian multiplier the
auxiliary function is obtained as
 n

F = FT +   PD −  Pi 
 i =1 
• where λ is the Lagrangian multiplier
• Differentiating F with respect to the generation
Pi and equating to zero gives the condition for
optimal operation of the system.

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F FT
= +  (0 − 1) = 0
Pi Pi
FT
− = 0
Pi
Since FT = F1 + F2 + F3 + ....... + Fi + .... + Fn
FT dFi
= =
Pi dPi
and therefore the condition for
optimum operation is
dF1 dF2 dFi dFn
= = ... = = ... = =
dP1 dP2 dPi dPn

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 ECONOMIC DISPATCH INCLUDING
TRANSMISSION LOSSES
n
Min FT =  Fi
i =1
n
Subjected to PD + PL =  Pi
i =1
n
PD + PL −  Pi = 0
i =1

• where PL is the total system loss which is

assumed to be a function of generation and the
other term have their usual significance.

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• By making use of Lagrangian multiplier the
auxiliary function is obtained as
 n

F = FT +   PD + PL −  Pi 
 i =1 
• where λ is the Lagrangian multiplier or the
incremental cost of received power in
Rs/MWhr
• Differentiating F with respect to the generation
Pi and equating to zero gives the condition for
optimal operation of the system.

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F FT PL
= + ( − 1) = 0
Pi Pi Pi
FT PL
+ ( − 1) = 0
Pi Pi
FT PL
=  (1 − )
Pi Pi
Since FT = F1 + F2 + F3 + ....... + Fi + .... + Fn
FT dFi
=
Pi dPi
dFi PL
 =  (1 − )
dPi Pi

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dFi 1
=
dPi (1 − PL )
Pi
1
where the term is known as
PL
(1 − )
Pi
Penalty Factor at i th unit ( Li )
dFi
Li = 
dPi
and therefore the condition for
optimum operation is
dF1 dF dF dF
L1 = 2 L2 = ... = i Li = ... = n Ln = 
dP1 dP2 dPi dPn

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 Incremental transmission loss
PL
• The term Pi is known as the incremental
transmission loss at plant i

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 Transmission loss in terms of
Generation

• where Pm and Pn are the source loadings,

Bmn the transmission loss coefficients

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• For a 3-bus system
2

Expression for Loss

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Power system analysis-
Numerical Problems

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 Question 1

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 Solution 1

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 Question 2

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 Question 3

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 Solution 3

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 Question 4

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• Solution 4

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 Condition for optimum operation is
dF1 dF
L1 = 2 L2 = 
dP1 dP2
For sec ond unit , Loss = 0
( No transmission of power , load concentrated at unit 2)
 B12 = B21 = B22 = 0
Total loss, PL = B11 P12 + 2 B12 P2 + B22 P22 = B11 P12
For Plant 2
dF2
L2 = 
dP2
 = Cost Re ceived by the polant = 24 Rs / MWhr
dF2
= 0.05 P2 + 20
dP2
1 P
Penalty factor , L2 = = 1, L = 0
P P2
(1 − L )
P2
dF2
=   0.05 P2 + 20 = 24
dP2
From this
P2 = 80 MW

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Two turbo alternators rated for 110 MW and 210 MW have governor drop
characteristics of 5 per cent from no load to full load. They are connected in
parallel to share a load of 250 MW. Determine the load shared by each machine
assuming free governor action.

25
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