A SEMINAR REPORT

ON
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH
SUBMITTED BY
BISWAJIT DASH
Regd. No:-0801214270
7th Semester, Sec:-B
Branch:-Electrical Engg.

KONARK INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLGY,BHUBANESWAR
 Introduction

• .Economic Dispatch (ED) problem is one of the fundamental issues in

power system operation.

• .In essence, it is an optimization problem and its main objective is to

reduce the total generation cost of units, while satisfying constraints.

• . In PSO, each individual makes its decision based on its own

experience together with other individual’s experiences.

• . The main advantages of the PSO algorithm are summarized as:

simple concept, easy implementation, and computational efficiency
when compared with mathematical algorithm.
 What is economic dispatch?

• The definition of economic dispatch provided in EPAct section

1234 is:
“The operation of generation facilities to produce energy at the
lowest cost to eliably serve consumers, recognizing any
operational limits of generation and transmission facilities”.
• Most electric power systems dispatch their own generating units
and their own purchased power in a way that may be said to
meet this definition.
• There are two fundamental components to economic dispatch:
o Planning for tomorrow’s dispatch.
o Dispatching the power system today.
 Planning for Tomorrow’s Dispatch

• Scheduling generating units for each hour of the next day’s

dispatch
• Based on forecast load for the next day
• Select generating units to be running and available for dispatch
the next day (operating day)
• Recognize each generating unit’s operating limit, including its:
Ramp rate (how quickly the generator’s output can be changed)
• Maximum and minimum generation levels
• Minimum amount of time the generator must run
• Minimum amount of time the generator must stay off
once turned off.
• Recognize generating unit characteristics, including:
• Cost of generating, which depends on:
• its efficiency (heat rate)
• its variable operating costs (fuel and non-fuel)
• Reliability Assessment
• Analyze forecasted load and transmission conditions in the
area to ensure that scheduled generation dispatch can meet
load reliably.
• If the scheduled dispatch is not feasible within the limits
of the transmission system, revise it.
 Implementation Factors Limiting Effectiveness of Dispatch in
Minimizing Customer Costs

• Frequency of the dispatch

• Performing an economic dispatch more frequently (e.g., 5 or
15 minutes rather than each hour) affects the level of costs.
• Those performing planning and dispatch must provide
accurate and current dispatch instructions to generation
operators, transmission operators and load serving entities.
• Inadequate or incomplete communications affects the level of
costs of the economic dispatch.
• Economic load dispatch (ELD) pertains to optimum
generation scheduling of available generators in an
interconnected power system to minimize the cost of
generation subject to relevant system constraints.
• . The most simplified cost function of each generator can be
represented as,
C=ΣFjPj ........ (1)
FjPj=aj+bjPj+cjPj....... (2)
where C total generation cost
Fj cost function of generator j
aj bj cj cost coefficients of generator j
Fj cost function of generator j
aj bj cj cost coefficients of generator j
• While minimizing the total generation cost, the total
generation should be equal to the total system demand plus
the transmission network loss.
• The transmission loss is given by the equation,
PL= Σ BjPj .........(3)
where Bj is the loss co-efficient matrix.
• The equality constraint for the ED problem can be given
by,
Σ Pj = D +ΣPL ........ (4)
• where D is the total demand needed by the load or
consumer. The generation output of each unit should be
between its minimum and maximum limits. That is, the
following inequality constraint for each generator should
be satisfied
Pjmin<Pj<Pjmax ..............(5)
• where Pjmin, Pjmax are the minimum and maximum
output of individual generators.
Fig1. Total power demand Fig2 . Total cost function
 CONCLUSION

In this study we presented a method allowing

the resolution of the problem of the Economic
Dispatching of an electrical network on
generating unit concept.
 References

• [1] A.J. Wood and B.F.Wollenberg, “ Power Generation ,Operation

and Control ” , New York: John Wiley & Sons , Inc., 1984.
• [2] Pathom Attaviriyanupap and Hiroyuki Kita , “ A Hybrid EP and
SQP for Dynamic Economic Dispatch with Non-smooth Fuel Cost
Function ” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems , vol 17 ,no.2 ,
May 2002.
• [3] J.B.Park , K.S.Lee , K.Y.Lee , “ A Patticle Swarm Optimization
for Economic Dispatch with Non-smooth Cost Function ,” IEEE
Trans. Power Systems , vol 20 , Feb 2005.
• [4] H.T.Yang , P.C.Yang , and C.L.Huang , “ Evolutionary
Programming Based Economic Dispatch for Units with Non-Smooth Fuel Cost
Functions , ” IEEE Trans. Power Systems , vol11, no.1 , pp.112-118 ,Feb1996.