COMM ON N ON -

N I C AB L E D I S E AS ES
COMMU
Y: C RIS EL IEL L . PL A TO N
LESSON 1-HEALTH B
DIABETES
•IT IS AN INCREASE IN THE
CONCENTRATION OF
GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD.
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

•EXCESSIVE URINATION (POLYURIA)

•EXCESSIVE THIRST (POLYDIPSIA)
•EXCESSIVE HUNGER (POLYPHAGIA)
DID YOU KNOW?
• IN 1000AD, GREEK DOCTORS THOUGHT THE FRICTION OF RIDING A HORSE MIGHT BE A POSSIBLE
TREATMENT FOR DIABETES

• AS EARLY AS 1500BC, HEALERS NOTICED THAT ANTS WERE ATTRACTED TO URINE OF PEOPLE WITH
MYSTERIOUS DISEASE

• ALMOST 1 IN 17 PEOPLE WORLDWIDE ARE DIABETIC. MORE THAN 1800 CASES OF DIABETES ARE
DIAGNOSED EVERYDAY

• INDIA HAS THE LARGEST NUMBER OF DIABETICS IN THE WORLD; A TOTAL OF 10 MILLION.
• VITAMIN D REDUCES THE RISK OF DIABETES
CHRONIC DIABETIC FOOT ULCER
CANCER
-IT IS THE UNCONTROLLED
GROWTH AND SPREAD OF
ABNORMAL CELLS.
 MOST COMMON CANCERS
Where it Occurs How Common It Is How Curable It Is
Skin most common 95% of treated persons
recovered

Colon and Rectum second most common, mostly in

men but increasingly in women
about half of treated persons live
for 5 years or longer after
treatment

Lungs mostly in men Only about 10% of treated

patient lived

Breast most common in women about 70% of treated women

recovered

Reproductive Organ Male - prostate gland, testicle
Female -cervix
Bone marrow ( leukemia most common type in
children
and lymphoma)
more than 60% of patient
treated recovered
About 85% of patient treated
lived; rate of cures of improving
leukemia; rate for lymphoma is
90%
SKIN CANCER
BREAST CANCER
 CANCER MAYBE DIAGNOSED IN DIFFERENT
WAYS:

•BIOPSY – THE DOCTOR MAY TAKE A PIECE IF TISSUE

•CURRETAGE – A TISSUE FROM WITHIN THE BODY
IS REMOVED

•X-RAY – A QUICK, PAINLESS TEST THAT PRODUCES

IMAGES OF THE STRUCTURES INSIDE YOUR BODY.
 TREATMENT OF CANCER

•SURGERY – THIS INVOLVES REMOVAL OF TUMOR AND REPAIR OF THE

AFFECTED ORGAN

•RADIATION THERAPY OR RADIOTHERAPY – THIS INVOLVES

ATTACKING THE CANCER CELLS WITH X-RAYS OR WITH RAYS WITH
PARTICLES FROM RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES SUCH AS COBALT-60(A HEAVY
RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE) OR RADIUM ( A RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT USED
MEDICALLY IN CANCER TREATMENT).

•DRUG THERAPY OR CHEMOTHERAPY – THIS HAS BECOME AN

INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT METHOD OF CANCER TREATMENT. DRUG HAVE
PROVEN EFFECTIVELY IN TREATING LEUKEMIA AND LYMPHOMA.
CARCINOGENS

-THESE ARE AGENTS

WHICH CAN CAUSE
CANCER.
CARCINOGENS
ALLERGY
-IT IS THE REACTION OF A
PERSON’S IMMUNE SYSTEM
TO NORMALLY HARMLESS
SUBSTANCE.
 SOME COMMON ALLERGIES
• HAY FEVER (ALLERGIC RHINITIS) – IS THE MOST COMMON OF THE
ALLERGIC DISEASES AND IS CHARACTERIZED BY SEASONAL NASAL
SYMPTOMS THAT ARE DUE TO POLLENS.
THE MOST SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS INCLUDE:
a. RUNNY NOSE
b. STUFFY NOSE
c. SNEEZING
d. ITCHY EARS AND THROAT
e. POST NASAL DRIP ( THROAT CLEARING)
• ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS – IS THE INFLAMMATION OF THE
TISSUE LAYERS (MEMBRANES) THAT COVER THE SURFACE OF THE
EYEBALL AND THE UNDERSURFACE OF THE EYELID.

THE INFLAMMATION OCCURS AS A RESULT OF AN ALLERGIC REACTION

AND FEATURES:

A. REDNESS UNDER THE LIDS AND THE EYE

B. WATERY, ITCHY EYES
C. SWELLING OF THE MEMBRANES
ALLERGIC ECZEMA – IS AN ALLERGIC RASH THAT IS USUALLY CAUSED
BY SKIN CONTACT WITH AN ALLERGEN AND FEATURES THE FOLLOWING
SIGNS:

A. ITCHING, REDNESS, AND OR DRYNESS OF THE SKIN

B. RASH ON THE FACE, ESPECIALLY AMONG CHILDREN
C. RASH AROUND THE EYES, IN THE ELBOW, AND BEHIND THE KNEES,
SPECIALLY IN ADULTS.

HIVES – ARE SKIN REACTIONS THAT APPEAR AS ITCHY AND CAN OCCUR
ON ANY PART OF THE BODY CAUSED BY AN ALLERGIC REACTION, SUCH AS TO
FOOD OR MEDICATION, BUT ALSO OCCUR IN NON-ALLERGIC PEOPLE.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

* RAISED RED WELTS OR SWOLLEN MARK
*INTENSE ITCHING
ALLERGIC SHOCK OR (ANAPHYLACTIC
SHOCK) – A LIFE-THREATENING REACTION THAT CAN AFFECT A
NUMBER OF ORGANS AT THE SAME TIME. IT TYPICALLY OCCURS WHEN THE
ALLERGEN IS EATEN, (FOR EXAMPLE, FOODS AND TO MUCH ALCOHOL INTAKE)
OR INJECTED LIKE DRUGS AND OR BEE STING.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS MAY OCCUR:

*HIVES OR REDDISH DISCOLORATION OF SKIN
*NASAL CONGESTION
*SWELLING OF THE THROAT
*STOMACH PAIN, NAUSEA, VOMITING
*SHORTNESS OF BREATH, WHEEZING
*LOW BLOOD PRESSURE
ALLERGEN
- IT IS A SUBSTANCE
THAT CAUSES ALLERGY.
ALLERGENS
ARTHRITIS
-IT IS THE PAINFUL
INFLAMMATION OF
THE JOINTS.
 TYPES OF ARTHRITIS
•RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS – CAUSES PAIN AND SWELLING IN
MANY JOINTS THROUGHOUT THE BODY. IT IS AN AUTOIMMUNE
DISEASE WHEN THE BODY’S IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS HEALTHY
CELLS BY MISTAKE. THIS CAN LEAD TO DEFORMITY AND
CRIPPLING.

•OSTEOARTHRITIS – IS A DISEASE OF OLDER PEOPLE. IT RESULTS

FROM THE WEAR AND TEAR OF JOINTS, SPECIALLY THOSE OF THE
HANDS, HIPS, KNEES AND SPINE.
ARTHRITIS
RENAL FAILURE
-IT MAY RESULT FROM THE
INCREASE LEVEL OF
CREATININE IN THE
BLOOD.
KIDNEY OR RENAL FAILURE IS
MEDICAL CONDITION IN WHICH THE
KIDNEY FAIL TO ADEQUATELY FILTER
WASTE PRODUCTS FROM THE BLOOD.
THIS IS DETECTED BY A DECREASE IN
OR ABSENCE OF URINE PRODUCTION
OR DETERMINATION OF WASTE
PRODUCTS (CREATININE OR UREA) IN
THE BLOOD.
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
KIDNEY TUMOR
 END STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD) IS THE LAST STAGE
(STAGE FIVE) OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD). THIS
MEANS KIDNEYS ARE ONLY FUNCTIONING AT 10 TO 15
PERCENT OF THEIR NORMAL CAPACITY. KIDNEYS ARE
IMPORTANT ORGANS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO YOUR
OVERALL WELL-BEING. WHEN KIDNEY FUNCTION IS THIS
LOW, THEY CANNOT EFFECTIVELY REMOVE WASTE OR
EXCESS FLUID FROM YOUR BLOOD. KIDNEYS ARE ALSO
RESPONSIBLE FOR OTHER FUNCTIONS THAT SUPPORT
THE BODY, SUCH AS BALANCING ELECTROLYTES AND
PRODUCING CERTAIN HORMONES. WHEN CHRONIC
KIDNEY DISEASE DEVELOPS INTO ESRD, DIALYSIS OR A
KIDNEY TRANSPLANT IS NECESSARY TO STAY ALIVE.
PERITONIAL DIALYSIS
ASTHMA
-IT IS A CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE
WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY
THE INFLAMMATION AND
NARROWING OF THE AIRWAYS.
CHRONIC ASTHMA
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

-IT INCLUDES ALL THE

DISEASES OF THE HEART
AND CIRCULATION.
 HEART DISEASES
• CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES – IS AN ABNORMALITY IN THE HEART’S
STRUCTURE THAT YOU’RE BORN WITH.

• CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE – IS THE INABILITY OF THE HEART TO KEEP THE

DEMANDS ON IT, WITH FAILURE OF THE HEART TO PUMP BLOOD WITH NORMAL
EFFICIENCY.

• ARRHYTHMIA – A CONDITION IN WHICH A HEART BEATS WITH AN IRREGULAR OR

ABNORMAL RHYTHM.

• MYOCARDIAL INFRACTION (HEART ATTACK) – OCCURS WHEN THE MUSCLE

TISSUE DIES FROM LACK OF OXYGEN BECAUSE OF REDUCE BLOOD FLOW. IT IS
FATAL WHEN THE LARGE PART OF THE HEART IS AFFECTED.
 VASCULAR DISEASES
• ATHEROSCLEROSIS – IS A FORM OF ARTERIOSCLEROSIS. IT OCCURS WHEN
A FATTY SUBSTANCE SUCH AS CHOLESTEROL IS DEPOSITED ON THE WALLS OF
THE ARTERIES MAKING THE VESSELS HARD, NARROW, AND LESS ELASTIC.

• HYPERTENSION OR HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE – OCCURS WHEN BLOOD

PRESSURE IS HIGHER THAN NORMAL

• STROKE – OCCURS WHEN A CLOT BLOCKS A SMALL VESSEL IN THE BRAIN,

THUS BRAIN CELLS DIE FROM LACK OF OXYGEN.

• ANEURYSM – IS AN EXCESSIVE LOCALIZED ENLARGEMENT OF AN ARTERY

CAUSED BY WEAKENING OF THE ARTERY WALL.
HEART ATTACK