Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A system is a whole
Components of a system interact
System are goal seeking
Systems have input/output
Systems transform input to output
Systems exhibit entropy
Systems must be controlled
Systems form a hierarchy
Systems exhibit differentiation
Information system
Management Functions
Management Levels
Information Systems
Personal Computer Management
MIS Leads into the Future
Management Functions
Planning
Get the job done Devise short-range and long-range plans and set goals
to help achieve the plans
On time
Organizing
Within budget How to use resources
Satisfactorily Staffing
Using available Directing
resources Guiding employees to perform their work
Controlling
Monitoring progress towards goals
Management Levels
Traditional hierarchy
High level manager issues directives to a group of middle level
managers
Each middle level manager issues directives to a group of low
level managers
Each low level manager supervises other employees to see that
the work is completed
Management Levels
Interaction Among Employees
Modern Hierarchy
Dispersion of information via network
E-mail
Groupware
Authority and work of managers has been altered
Promotes sharing of information
Decisions that were once management are now open for comment and
change
Supports team-based and information-driven organization
Management Levels
Interaction Among Employees
Data + Organization
Set of formal business systems designed to provide information for an
organization
Computers are typical components
DSS
Decision Support Systems
Supplements an MIS
Pulls information from variety of databases
Interactive
Nonroutine decision-making
Model – mathematical representation of real-life system
Simulation – using a computer model to reach a decision about a
real-life situation
MIS vs. DSS
MIS
Planned reporting
Standard, scheduled, structured, and routine
Constrained by the organizational system
DSS
Decision making
Unstructured and by request
Immediate and friendly
EIS
Executive Information Systems
DSS for top-level managers
How decisions effect entire organization
Overall vision; company goals
Long-term objectives
Organizational structure
Staffing and labor relations
Crisis management
Control of overall operations
Access to information from external sources
Personal Computers
Management
Benefits
Increased productivity
Independence from MIS department
Problems
No one in charge of overall purchase of PCs
Incompatibility
Network related issues
Needed data from MIS
Training
Inventory
Personal Computers
Management
Solutions
Staffing
Personal Computer Manager
Network Manager
Acquisitions policies
Information centers for assistance and training
Use software to control inventory of PCs
Remote access
Consider total cost of ownership (TCO)
Personal Computers
Management
Personal Computer Manager
Technology overload – provide guidance to users for purchase and use
Data security and integrity – addresses the issues of who has access to what
Computer junkies – set guidelines for PC use
Network Manager
Operational
Provide methods for sharing
Install software
Backup
Network security
Personal Computers
Management
Manager Characteristics
MIS background
Technical knowledge
Benefits and limitations of computers
Personal Computers
Acquisition
Standards
Hardware
Software
Data communications
Limit the number of vendors
Personal Computers
Information Center
Services
Software and hardware selection
Data access
Network access
Training
Technical assistance
Easily accessible location
“User comes first”
Personal Computers
Training
Traditional approach
Sporadic participation
Minimal results for extended training
Better approach
Initial training
Home-grown gurus
Follow-up support
Involve the workers
Web and CD based training
Personal Computers
Inventory
Budgets
Software
Count computers
Determines components
Determine installed software
Personal Computers
Remote Access
Equipment needs
Security concern
Training
TCO
Total Cost of Ownership
Initial hardware and software
Training TCO estimated at
Support
Upgrading four times
Maintenance
Hardware the hardware
Software extras costs!
Communications networks
TCO
Reduce the TCO
Limited Options – standardize the ordering process including
hardware, software, and options
Helpful software – counts computers and determines their
components and installed software in a networked environment
Hardware and software upgrades – insure there is justification
for an upgrade
Management Information
Systems
L.L. Sell good merchandise at a reasonable profit, treat your customers like
Bean® human beings and they will always come back for more
Generic Strategies Framework
Michael Porter describes how businesses can build a sustainable competitive
advantage
“fundamental basis of above-average performance in the long run is sustainable
competitive advantage.”
He identified three primary strategies for achieving competitive advantage:
Cost leadership – lowest-cost producer
Differentiation – product is unique
Focus – limited scope
Porter’s Competitive Advantage
Focus allows an organization to limit its scope to a narrower segment of the market
and tailor its offerings to that group of customers
This strategy has two variants:
1. Cost focus
2. differentiation focus
Dynamic Environment Strategies
Grow Your Business (GYB) - strategy to find fresh ways to reach new customers and
better serve existing ones
Complete disruption of current practices
Implicit assumption underlying DYB is that GE would not be able to sustain its
position in the marketplace over the long term
Examples of Competitive Dynamics Models
Dynamic Speed, agility, and aggressive IS are critical to achieving the speed
environment moves and countermoves by a needed for moves and
strategies firm create competitive countermoves.
advantage IS are in a constant state of flux or
development
Building a Social Business Strategy
A plan of how the firm will use social IT, aligned with organization
strategy and IS strategy
A vision of how the business would operate if it seamlessly and
thoroughly incorporated social and collaborative capabilities
throughout the business model
Answers the same type of questions of what, how, and who, as any other
business strategy
Social Business Strategies
Collaboration
Using social IT to extend the reach of stakeholders, both employees and those
create new conversations, offer support to each other, and other activities that
create a deeper feeling of connection to the company, brand, or enterprise
Social Business Strategies (Cont.)
Innovation
Using social IT to identify, describe, prioritize, and create new ideas
individuals suggest new ideas, comment on other ideas, and vote for
their favorite idea, giving managers a new way to generate and
decide on products and services
Applications of Social IT
strategy?”
There are numerous models of organizational strategy
The business diamond introduced by Harold Leavitt, identifies the crucial
components of an organization’s plan as its information/control, people, structure,
and tasks.
The Business Diamond
The Managerial Levers
This framework suggests that the successful execution of a business’s
organizational strategy comprises the best combination of organizational,
control, and cultural variables
Organizational variables include:
Decision rights, business processes, formal reporting relationships,
and informal networks
Control variables include:
availability of data, nature and quality of planning, effectiveness of
performance measurement and evaluation systems, and incentives to
do good work
Cultural variables comprise the values of the organization
Managerial levers
Summary of organizational strategy frameworks
Frame work Key Idea Usefulness in IS Discussions
Business There are four key components to an Using IS in an organization will affect
diamond organization’s design: people, each of these components. Use this
structure, tasks, and framework to identify where these
information/control impacts are likely to occur
Managerial Organizational variables, control This is a more detailed model than the
levers variables, and cultural variables are Business diamond and gives specific
the levers managers can use to affect areas where IS can be used to manage
change in their organization the organization and to change the
organization
Brief Overview of IS Strategy
IS strategy is the plan an organization uses to provide information services.
IS allows a company to implement its business strategy
capabilities.
IS strategy matrix
What Who Where
Hardware List of physical • Individuals who use it Physical location
components of the system Individuals who manage it
Networking Diagram of how hardware • Individuals who use it Where the nodes are
and software components • Individuals who manage it located, where the wires
are connected • Company service obtained from and other transport media
are located
Data Bits of information stored • Individuals who use it Where the information
in the system • Individuals who manage it resides
Discussions
Why we need IS strategy in Organizations?
Thank You!