Unit1 - Computer Concepts

Management Information System
Unit -1 Computer System
AJGC/ NSCB/ International Seminar on Gender Statistics NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD
1 Sheraton Incheon Hotel/ 12 – 14 November 2013 Integrity • Independence • Professionalism
Generation of computer
I. Computer generations are based on when

major technological changes in
computers like the use of vacuum tubes,
transistors, and the microprocessor.
Generation of computer
I. First Generation
II. Second Generation
III.Third Generation
IV.Fourth Generation
V. Fifth Generation
First Generation 1940-1956
vacuum tubes were used as a major piece of technology.

Vacuum tubes were widely used in computers from 1940 through 1956.
Vacuum tubes were larger components in size, taking a lot of space
in a room. Some of the first generation computers took up an entire
room.
Outstanding features:
1. Very expensive
2. large in size and occupied a lot of space
3. Magnetic core memories
4. Main application areas were scientific computation, record keeping,
pay roll processing etc.
5. Processor speed measured in milliseconds.
Second Generation 1956-1963
The second generation of computers saw the use of

transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Transistors were widely
used in computers from 1956 to 1963. Transistors were smaller
than vacuum tubes and allowed computers to be smaller in
size, faster in speed, and cheaper to build.
1. Smaller in size in comparison with the previous generation and
generated less heat.
2. Internal storage capacity was increased and processor speed
measured in microseconds.
3. Magnetic core memories as primary storage.
4. More reliable and less to errors.
Third Generation 1964-1971
The third generation of computers introduced the use of IC (integrated

circuits) in computers. Using IC's in computers helped reduce the size
of computers even more compared to second-generation computers,
as well as make them faster.
1. Smaller in size
2. Significant improvement in cost performance factor.
3. Could be commercially produced at cheaper rates.
4. Processor speeds measured in nano seconds.
5. Portable.
6. The use of high level languages e.g. COBOL, FORTRAN and PL/1.
7. Disk used as backing store medium.
8. Complex and sophisticated technology used for CPU design.
Fourth Generation 1972-2010
The fourth generation of computers took advantage of the

invention of the microprocessor, more commonly known
as a CPU. Microprocessors, along with integrated circuits,
helped make it possible for computers to fit easily on a
desk and for the introduction of the laptop.
1. Very small in size and very reliable and cheaper.
2. Development of microprocessor based technology.
3. Semiconductor memory used.
4. Sophisticated systems software.
5. Personal and home computers availability.
6. Complex and sophisticated technology used for CPU
design.

Fifth Generation 2010 present
The fifth generation of computers is beginning to use AI (artificial

intelligence), an exciting technology that has many potential
applications around the world
Recent research has focused on developing ‘thinking computers’ i.e.

artificial intelligence.
· These will have VVLSI (Very Very Large Integration) technology
with sophisticated operating system interface capability. These
computers will have KIPS (Knowledge Information Processing
System).
I. A brief history and Generation of Computer
II.Types of computer systems
 On the basis of size and speed

On the basis of working principle
On the basis of brand
On the basis of model
On the basis of purposes
II.General purpose computer
General purpose computers are the computers that can be used
for all general needs of all environments and users.
· These are the versatile computers that can perform a variety
of jobs for all types of environments.
· The programs or instructions are fed to them and at the

time of execution these computers process these instructions and
produce meaningful results.
For example, a personal computer that is capable of calculating

accounts data, preparing students result, designing broachers,
writing letters, accessing Internet or playing games is a general
purpose computer.
II.Special purpose computer
Special purpose computers are the computers that are

specially designed to perform a specific environment.
·These are designed for performing a particular task and

cannot perform other tasks.
· These computers are not versatile.
·The instructions used by these computers are generally
embedded in various automatic devices.
· For example. A computer that has been designed to count
the telephone call pulses and the amount to be paid can
only serve this purpose. We cannot use it for designing and
word processing.
II.Digital computer :
·Digital computers are mainly general purpose computers

that represent and store data in discrete quantities or
numbers.
·In these computers, all processing is done in terms of

numeric representation (binary digits) of data and
information.
Although the user enters the data in decimal or character

form, it is converted into binary digits (0s and 1s).
· For example: PC, Laptop etc.
II.Analog computer
Analog computers are special purpose computers that

represent and store data in continuously varying physical
quantities such as current, voltage or frequency.
These computers are programmed for measuring physical

quantities like pressure, temperature, speed, etc., and to
perform computations on these measurements.
·Analog computers are mainly used for scientific and

engineering applications.
II.Hybrid computer
Hybrid computers incorporate the technology of both

analog and digital computers.
· These computers store and process analog
signals which have been converted into discrete
numbers using analog to digital converters.
They can also convert the digital numbers into analog
signals or physical properties using digital to analog
converters.
· Hybrid computers are mainly used in artificial
intelligence (robotics) and computer aided
manufacturing (e.g., process control).
·
Analog Digital Hybrid
It uses analog signal to It uses binary digits to It is able to understand

display information display discrete information binary as well as analog
signal to display information
It is used to measure Information is in discrete Information depends on
continuous physical form. It displays information operating mode of
quantity like as current flow, in the form of text, graphics computer . analog and
temperatures, blood and pictures. digital .
pressure, heart beats.
Speed is very fast Slow Intermediate in speed
Less accurate Accurate Intermediate
Special purpose General purpose Special purpose
Noisy Less noisy Depend on computer
Not use for programming Use for programming Depend on computer
Analog digital
A digital signal is a discrete

An analog signal is a continuous wave
Basic wave that carries information
that changes over a time period.
in binary form.
An analog signal is represented by a A digital signal is represented
Representation
sine wave. by square waves.
An analog signal is described by the
A digital signal is described
Description amplitude, period or frequency, and
by bit rate and bit intervals.
phase.
Digital signal has a finite
Range Analog signal has no fixed range.
numbers i.e. 0 and 1.
An analog signal is more prone to A digital signal is less prone
Distortion
distortion. to distortion.
An analog signal transmit data in the A digital signal carries data in
Transmit
form of a wave. the binary form i.e. 0 nad 1.
Signals used for transmission
The human voice is the best example of
Example in a computer are the digital
an analog signal.
signal.
Types ( Model)

XT Computers (Extended Technology)
AT Computers (Advanced Technology)
PS/2 Computers (Personal System 2)
XT Computers :
The computers having 8080, 8086 or 8088

microprocessor and processing speed of 4.77 Mhz are
known as XT Computers. These computers are outdated
now because they cannot run on latest software
versions. It can’t support GUI Based o/s.

AT Computers :
The computers having Intel series 80286, 80386,

80486 Pentium I, II, V or later versions of
microprocessors are known as AT Computers. Their
storage capacity as well as speed is much higher than
XT computers. It supports GUI based O/S .

PS/2 Computers:
IBM developed another model of computer in
1990 that have much advanced architecture design than
AT computers. They are known as PS/2 computers. They
are much faster than AT computers. Most of the laptop
computers based on PS/2 model use OS/2 or UNIX
operating system and 1.44 MB floppy diskette.
It is a laptop computer with rechargeable and battery

based system.

Types of Computer(On the basis of Brand):

There are three types (brand) computers that are given
below:
IBM PC
IBM Compatibles
Apple Macintosh

IBM PC :
The computers that are manufactured by IBM
are IBM PC. The full form of IBM is International
Business Machine is one of the leading companies of
the world manufacturing computers. It was established
in 1924 and started manufacturing mainframe, mini and
micro computer in 1945 on wards.

IBM Compatibles:
The computers that are manufactured by other

computer manufacturing companies but having the
same technology and features are known as IBM
Compatibles. Examples are AST, ALR, Sherry, etc.

Apple Macintosh :
The computers that are manufactured by

Apple Company but having different architecture and
configuration than IBM Compatibles are known as Apple
Macintosh. Apple Company was established in late
1970s and giving a good competition to IBM company.
II.Super computer
These are the largest and fastest computers. A super

computer has a number of CPUs which operate in parallel to
make it faster.
They are used for massive data processing and solving very
sophisticated problems i.e., in the fields of science and
defense, designing and launching missiles, weather
forecasting, biomedical research, aircraft design and
automobile design.
Few examples are CRAZY 3, HITAC S-300 etc. India has a

series of super computers called PARAM developed by C-
DAC and ANURAG. Wipro InfoTech has developed
Supernova computers.
II.Mainframe computer
It is also very powerful multi-user computer used in large business

organization, it can response several hundred request very quickly.
It uses several CPU for data processing more than 100 users can
use at a time because it works on time sharing mode. Its word
length is 48 bits to 64 bits.
They are used in research organizations, large industries,

large business and government organizations, banks and
airline reservations where large database is needed.
However, these computers consume more electricity.
Few examples are IBM S/390, IBM S/709
II.Mini computer
Minicomputers are faster and more powerful than

microcomputers. Their word length is 32 bits (word length
means number of bits in a computer word).
These computers can perform more complex tasks and cost

more than microcomputers . They are larger in size and their
storage capacity is small to medium.
They are used for payroll preparation, accounting and

scientific computation, controlling and monitoring
production processes.
Few examples are VAX 11, PDP11/42 and WIPRO LANDMARK
860 etc.
II.Micro computer
Microcomputers are also called personal computers (PCs)

and use microprocessor as its CPU, a memory unit, and input
device and an output device.
They are small in size. Also, they do not have large storage
capacities. The word length of a microcomputer lies in the
range 8-32.
They can perform difficult task. They are used for general
purpose calculations, industrial control, home appliances,
desktop publishing, graphics designing and project
management.
These are of two types- Desktops and Portables.
Few examples are IBM PC, PS/2, Apple II and Macintosh.
Generation Ist ii iii Iv v
Technology Vacuum Transistors IC Integrated LSI,VLSI ULSI, AI,

tubes circuit Microprocessor Bio chips
Processing Millisecond Microsecond Micro Picoseconds
speed Nanosecond
I/o Device Punch card Punch card Keyboard Same Same
monitor
Computer Electro- Same Electronic
type mechanical computer
Memory Vacuum Magnetic Semiconduct Super
tubes core or
Storage Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic disk Magnetic optical
drums & tape
punch cards
Operation Setup Same as O/S
mode manually
Portable Not portable , Same Portable
due to huge
size 40
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Generation Ist ii iii Iv v
Programming Machine Assembly HLL HLL & 4GL Natural

language code
Size & cost Big size, Small size
expensive
Example Mark-1 IBM 360 IBM PC IBM PC Apple
ENIAC, UNIVAC Dell
ABC
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Memory
Memory is a chips capable of holding data or it is a location or

space where data, information, instructions and programs are
stored temporary or permanent.
It is one of the major components of computer system . Without

memory system can’t run and process the data so it is necessary to
store, process and display the data.
II.Memory
There are three types of memory
Internal processor memory

Register
Cache memory
Primary memory
Permanent
Temporary
Secondary memory
Internal processor memory
The memory which are placed on CPU or attached to a

specific fast bus is called internal processor memory.
Cache memory
Registers memory
Cache memory -
It is a memory which contains copy of main memory’s data

and send data to the processor when processor request for
processing. It is also called buffer memory It is placed
between main memory and processor
Internal processor memory
Cache memory –
Cache memory is a high speed memory placed between CPU

and Ram . It is used for increasing the overall operating
speed of the computer. It stores data and instructions which
are frequently required by CPU . When CPU requires any data
it searches the data in cache and if not found it searches in
Ram . CPU finds data in cache is known as hit and if not
found the condition is known as miss.
Register-
Registers are special purpose memory which holds various types of

data , instruction, address and information which CPU currently
working. It is also called working memory of CPU.
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Primary memory
Primary memory is a semiconductor chip memory. It can be

directly accessed by the CPU . This memory is called by different
names like internal storage, primary storage or main memory.
Without this memory computer system can’t even open and run.
And this memory is not for backup storage.
There are two types of Primary memory
 Volatile-Temporary RAM
 Non-Volatile - Permanent ROM
Primary memory
These memories are volatile memory because after switch off the
computer data will be automatically become empty. These are also
called working memory because data and instructions are stored or
hold temporarily during the working time of computer system.
RAM – Random Access Memory
It is also called Read and write memory. It stores the data

temporally. It is working memory of CPU because all the data and
instructions and programs are loaded on It from the hard disk or
secondary storage for the CPU.
Types of RAM
Static Ram Dynamic Ram
It stands for static Random Access memory It stands for dynamic random access
memory
In this RAM the stores data will be lost only In this RAM the stored data will be lost after
after the computer is turned off few millisecond even if the computer is in on
state.
It doesn’t require refreshing circuit It requires refreshing circuit
It is faster for read/ write It is slower for read / write.
It stores data in the form of voltage . It stores data in the form of charge.
A single memory cell of S-RAM is made by A single memory cell of D-Rom is made by 1
6 transistors and an electronic circuit. transistor and 1 capacitor .
It is expensive It is cheaper
Types of RAM
Static Ram Dynamic Ram
The memory cells are larger in size and are The memory cells are smaller in size and
loosely packed are tightly packed.
It is rarely used in PC at present . It is widely used in PC at present .
Types of RAM
S.N. Static Ram Dynamic Ram
1 It consist of no of Transistors It consist of less No transistors
2 It’s speed is high It’s speed is lower
3 It occupies large space It occupies less space
4 It consumes less power More power
5 Refresh circuit is not need Refresh circuit is needed
6 It costly Less costly
Permanent memory
These memories are No-volatile memory because after switch off the
computer data will not be automatically become empty. Data stored
on such memories are permanent.
ROM – Read Only Memory
It is also called non volatile memory. All the data are programmed
which are stored on it .these data cannot be changed easily. Specially
operation is needed to change it .
S.N PROM EPROM EEPROM
.
1 Programmable Erasable Electrically Erasable

Programmable Programmable
2 It’s contents cannot be erased Information can be Contents can be erased by

erased in ultra violet electricity and again it can
exposure be programmed .

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S.N. RAM ROM
1 It stands for Random Access It stands for read only memory

Memory
2 We can Read and write on It But in Rom we can only Read only Not
write .
3 It is a volatile memory It is a Non-volatile Memory
4 it is temporary memory It is a permanent memory
5 It is placed on mother board or we It is build on mother board we can’t

can easily replace. replace
6 The program stored on Ram are The program stored on ROM are called
called data or information. firmware
7 Two type of Ram Three types of Rom
8 Data are loaded from secondary It contains BIOS

memory
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Secondary memory
It is physical material on which data and programs are stored for

future use or long term basis .Secondary memory is also known as
auxiliary or backup (external) memory. A large amounts of data
and programs can be stored on it .its storage capacity is up to GB or
TB .
.all the application S/W and System S/W are stored on the
secondary storage.
Primary Memory Secondary Memory
It is temporary memory It is a permanent Memory
It is a volatile in nature It is a non-volatile in nature.
This memory has fast access time This memory has low access time
It is expensive It is inexpensive
It has a limited storage capacity It has a vast storage capacity
Data can be directly accessed by CPU Data can’t be directly accessed by CPU
It contains that data which is currently It contains that data which is not currently used
used by CPU by CPU
Data transfer between CPU and primary Data transfer between secondary to primary
memory is managed by Cache memory memory is managed by i/o processor
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Primary Memory Secondary Memory
Primary memories are semiconductor Secondary memories are magnetic memory ,

chip optical memory

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Secondary memory
There are two types of Secondary Memory
•Magnetic Memory-
Magnetic memory uses magnetizing material to store the data It

contains data storing surface is coated by magnetic oxide.
HDD, Floppy Disk, Zip Disk, Magnetic Tape, Magnetic Drum,

Magnetic disk .
•Optical Memory
CD, DVD
Secondary memory
Optical Memory -
polycarbonate plastic is used in its construction and laser is

used to store and retrieve the data.
CD, DVD
Secondary memory
Hard Disk – it is the main storage devices uses 2-4 metallic disk
called platter. the disk is usually made of aluminum. Both side of the
disk is used to store data. The data storing surface is coated by
magnetic oxide.
Floppy Disk – it contains single plastic disk. It was used as a main

storage device but now days it is used for carrying data from one
computer to another. It requires floppy drive for it’s operation. It is
not reliable as hard disk.
Secondary memory
Magnetic Disk – Magnetic disk contains a circular disc is made of

metal or plastic. Both side of the disc is usually used for storing
data . The disc is coated by magnetic oxide. The disc is divided into
multiple concentric circles known as track. Tracks are further is
divided into small area known as sectors. Data are stored in sectors.
Magnetic Drum– magnetic drum contains a metallic drum coated by

magnetic oxide on the outer surface of the drum. Data stored on this
surface. It was used in first and second Generation of computer.
Secondary memory
Magnetic Tape – magnetic tape contains thin plastic ribbon, only

one side of the ribbon is used for storing data. The data storing side
is coated by magnetic oxide . It is mainly used for storing audio,
video and back-up data. It is highly reliable. It requires magnetic
tape drive for reading and wring data.
Secondary memory
Zip disk - it is a magnetic memory . It is the modification of floppy

disk. It has the storage capacity of 100 MB and 250 MB. It requires
zip disk drive for it’s operation.
Jaz disk – it is also magnetic memory it has the storage capacity of

2GB. It also requires separate jaz disk drive for it’s operation.
Super disk – it is also magnetic memory . It has the storage capacity

of 120 MB . It requires super disk drives for it’s operation.
Secondary memory
Pen Drive - it is a flash memory. It is mainly used for transferring

data . Pen drive is a plug and play device . It can be connected with
the computer through USB port.
Secondary memory
CD – it stands for compact Disk . It has the storage of 700 MB . It

contains hard circular plastic.
CD-ROM –it cannot be erased or updated.

CD-RW- it can be erased or updated.
DVD – it stands for digital versatile Disk. It has the storage capacity
of 4.7GB to 17 GB . It’s shape and size is similar to CD but the
difference in storage capacity is due to different chemical
components and data is compressed before storing.
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Magnetic Optical

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• The Magnetic disk and Optical disk are the
storage devices provides a way to store data for
a long duration. These disks differ in many
characteristics; firstly magnetic disk works by
using magnetising material over the disk
whereas in optical disk polycarbonate plastic is
used in its construction and laser is used to
store and retrieve the data.

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Software
• We can compare all the computer system

(hardware and software) with human. All the
activities of human body like running, eating ,
speaking are based on the thoughts and feeling
raised by the brain. All these actions are
initiated and controlled with our brain. If brain
doesn’t raised such feeling and control , we
can’t do anything. Similarly computer system
Hardware is also initiated and controlled with
the set of programs called software.
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• Programs are the collection of data and
instructions in a systematic order to perform
some work. These programs are organized
and collected in a systematic order to tell
the computer what to do and how to do.
• Computer system is nothing without the
software. Hardware needs the software like
driver

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Two types of software .
• System Software
• Application software

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• System Software –
The software that helps to activate the computer
system and provide operating environment for
other application software is called the system
software.
It’s primary work is to control, integrate and
manage the individuals hardware components of
the computer system.
This software provides a operating and
programming environment where programmer
and user can create the application software
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For their day to day application. It can be explained
in to different types .
Operating system
Device drivers
Language translator

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• Operating system - software that helps to
activate the computer system and provide
common platform to operate on the computer
system by the user is called operating system.
 Device Drivers – system software helps to

activate and recognize the computer hardware
devices. To recognize and activate the
hardware devices, computer system requires a
special software is called device drivers.

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• Language translator –
computer are digital devices . It can work only on
the digits which are 0 and 1. all type of
commands , data and instructions required to be
converted into machine code which is the
combination of 0’s and 1’s. different types of
programming languages accept but can’t
process such data and instructions. So they
should be translated into machine code. To
convert natural languages into machine code we
need the system called the language translator .
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• Compilers
Translators translate whole program at a time a
and creates a object code then executive code .
C Pascal .
• Interpreters –
Translator convert the source code in line by line
at a time is called interpreters . BASIC
• Assemblers
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• Utility Software –
It is a type of computer system software which is
specially designed to manage the computer
hardware and software. It helps to increase the
utility of computer system components. Some of
the commonly used utility software are Disk
Defragmentation system, virus scanners etc .

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• Application Software –
Application software is software for specific
purpose. It is also called user oriented software.
These software are developed using high level
languages they are MS- word, Ms-Excel
Packaged software – general purpose word,
graphics
Tailored software – Specific purpose – banking ,
school

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Secondary memory
Floppy Disk –
Hard Disk –
Zip Disk –
Magnetic Tape –
Optical Storage Devices –

CD
DVD
–Software -
Computer hardware is virtually useless without computer
software. Software is the programs that are needed to
accomplish the input, processing, output, storage, and
control activities of information systems.
Computer software is typically classified into two major

types of programs:
system software and application software.
• Systems software are programs that manage
the resources of the computer system and
simplify applications programming. They
include software such as the operating system,
database management systems, networking
software, translators, and software utilities.

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• Software –
A set of instructions given to the computer to solve
a problem is called a software . Software is a
collection of programs that performs a particular
task.
• Software is also called a program.
• Different software's are used to solve different
problems.

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The major types of software
System Software
Application software Operating Systems

System software Schedules computer
events
Hardware Allocates computer
resources
Monitor events
Language translators
Interpreters
User
Compilers
s
Application Software
Programming languages
Utility programs
Assembly language
Routine operations (e.g. sort,
FORTRAN, BASIC, PL/1
list, print)
PASCAL, C
Manage data (e.g. create files,
“4th generation “
merge files
languages
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Operating Systems (continued)
The role of Systems Software –interface between users,
application software and hardware
Principles of
Information Figure 4.4: The Role of Systems Software
Systems,
Eighth Edition
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Software suits

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Management Information System

Unit -1 Computer System

I. Computer generations are based on when

vacuum tubes were used as a major piece of technology.

The second generation of computers saw the use of

The third generation of computers introduced the use of IC (integrated

The fourth generation of computers took advantage of the

The fifth generation of computers is beginning to use AI (artificial

Recent research has focused on developing ‘thinking computers’ i.e.

 On the basis of size and speed

· The programs or instructions are fed to them and at the

For example, a personal computer that is capable of calculating

Special purpose computers are the computers that are

·These are designed for performing a particular task and

·Digital computers are mainly general purpose computers

·In these computers, all processing is done in terms of

Although the user enters the data in decimal or character

Analog computers are special purpose computers that

These computers are programmed for measuring physical

·Analog computers are mainly used for scientific and

Hybrid computers incorporate the technology of both

It uses analog signal to It uses binary digits to It is able to understand

Less accurate Accurate Intermediate

Special purpose General purpose Special purpose

Noisy Less noisy Depend on computer

Not use for programming Use for programming Depend on computer

A digital signal is a discrete

The computers having 8080, 8086 or 8088

The computers having Intel series 80286, 80386,

It is a laptop computer with rechargeable and battery

The computers that are manufactured by other

The computers that are manufactured by

These are the largest and fastest computers. A super

Few examples are CRAZY 3, HITAC S-300 etc. India has a

It is also very powerful multi-user computer used in large business

They are used in research organizations, large industries,

Minicomputers are faster and more powerful than

These computers can perform more complex tasks and cost

They are used for payroll preparation, accounting and

Microcomputers are also called personal computers (PCs)

Technology Vacuum Transistors IC Integrated LSI,VLSI ULSI, AI,

Programming Machine Assembly HLL HLL & 4GL Natural

Initials of presenter/NSCB/name of event

Memory is a chips capable of holding data or it is a location or

It is one of the major components of computer system . Without

There are three types of memory

Internal processor memory

The memory which are placed on CPU or attached to a

It is a memory which contains copy of main memory’s data

Cache memory is a high speed memory placed between CPU

Registers are special purpose memory which holds various types of

Primary memory is a semiconductor chip memory. It can be

There are two types of Primary memory

RAM – Random Access Memory

It is also called Read and write memory. It stores the data

It is faster for read/ write It is slower for read / write.

S.N. Static Ram Dynamic Ram

1 It consist of no of Transistors It consist of less No transistors

2 It’s speed is high It’s speed is lower

3 It occupies large space It occupies less space

4 It consumes less power More power

5 Refresh circuit is not need Refresh circuit is needed