Jung’s Analytical Psychology

 An example of a Psychodynamic theory which means it is

focused on concepts of the unconscious
 Personal and Collective Unconscious

 Human Personality can be influenced by occult phenomena

 Focused on balance because people are both their good and
overview bad sides
 Both Introverted and Extraverted, Both rational and irrational,
male and female, conscious and unconscious
  Archetypes: highly developed aspects of our Collective
Unconscious
 Attitudes: Predisposition to act in a characteristic direction
 Introverted or Extroverted

Key Terms  Functions / Types: Combine with attitudes to form orientations

 Sensing, Thinking, Feeling, Intuiting

 Individuation: The process of self-realization/becoming a

whole person.
May’s Existential Psychology
  Existential Psychology is rooted on personal and clinical
experience.
 Present experiences are given more emphasis and a part of its
core concept is for people to gain / accept responsibility for who
they are because people have Free will.

 People experience anxiety when they are aware that their

existence might be destroyed.
 Acquisition of freedom inevitably leads to anxiety
 Anxiety can be normal (proportionate to threat) or neurotic
Overview (disproportionate)

 Guilt is experienced when people deny their own potential or

fail to perceive other’s needs.
  Existential experience is our being-in-the-world (Dasein)
 Once we are aware of our being-in-the-world, the natural
product is the dread of not being or nothingness, (nonbeing)
Overview which causes us to live defensively and conservatively,
dimming our self-awareness and denying individuality
 Leads to despair and emptiness
  Desire for freedom manifests in two ways:

Overview  Existential freedom (Freedom of doing)

 Essential freedom (Freedom of being)
  Existence before essence
 Existence represents growth and change
 Essence signifies stagnation and finality

 People are both subjective and objective therefore we must search

Common for truth through living active and authentic lives

elements among
existential  People search for meaning in life

perspectives
 People are personally responsible for who they become

 Authentic experience takes precedence over theories and artificial

explanations
  Umwelt, Mitwelt, Eigenwelt: Three modes of being-in-the-
world
 Umwelt: environment
 Mitwelt: relationships with others
 Eigenwelt: relationships with self

 Intentionality: the ability to make choices and decisions

Key Terms  Will: the capacity to organize one’s self in odreder to move
towards a goal
 Care: The state in which something matters
 Love: Delight in the presence of another person. Affirmation of
another person’s value
Allport’s Psychology of the
Individual
  Strong emphasis on uniqueness of each individual
 Attempts to describe people through general traits rob people of
unique individuality
 Study of the individual is known as morphogenic science
 Attempts to explain personality through a broad and
comprehensive theory and avoids emphasis on singular aspects of
personality
Overview  Defined personality as “the dynamic organization within the
individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his
characteristic behavior and thought”
 Emphasized the role of Conscious motivation in the lives of
healthy adults
 Some motivation is still a product of the unconscious
  While common traits are seen in many people personal
dispositions are of greater importance
 Cardinal Dispositions: most obvious feature of a person and
cannot be hidden. Person’s life revolves around this one
disposition
 Most people do not have a Cardinal Disposition
Overview  Central disposition: a person’s 5 to 10 outstanding
characteristics, central to their personality
 Secondary disposition: not central to personality but occurs
with regularity for specific behaviors
  Proactive behavior: They react to external stimuli but can also
act on environment in new, innovative ways, causing
environments to react towards them.
 It reduces tensions but can also establish new ones

Characteristics  Six criteria for mature personality:

 Extension of the sense of self; the existence of Social Interest
of a healthy (Gemeinschaftsgefühl)

person  Warm relating of self towards others

 Emotional security (Self-acceptance)
 Realistic perception of the environment
 Insight and humor (Nonhostile sense of humor)
 Unifying Philosophy of life (Clear view of the purpose of life)
  Proprium: The behavior and characteristics that people regard
as warm, central, and important in one’s life
 Counter part of ego
 Propriate behaviors include: Basic drives, tribal customs, habitual
behaviors

 Functional Autonomy: human motives are functionally

Key Terms independent from the original motive responsible for the
behavior.
 Perservative Functional autonomy: Tendency of impressions to
leave an influence on subsequent experiences
 Propriate Functional Autonomy: Self-sustaining motives
related to the proprium
  Processes that are not Functionally Autonomous
 Biological Drives, Motives directly linked to reduction of basic
drives, Reflexes, Constitutional equipment (Physique,
Key Terms intelligence, temperament), Habits that are just starting to be
formed, Patterns of behavior that require reinforcement,
sublimations, neurotic or pathological symptoms
Eyesenck’s Trait theory
  Trait and Factor theories are a result of the idea that
Standardized tests, alongside Clinical and Natural observations
determine personality.
 Factor analytic approach was used to investigate personality.
 Anchored on Cattell’s work on traits.

 Superfactors based on a hierarchical structure of Psychoticism,

Overview
Extraversion and Neuroticism and are seen as bipolar
 Psychotisism - Super-Ego
 Extraversion – Introversion
 Neuroticism – Stability

 Eyesenck believed in biological bases for the superfactors and

can be applied to relate to social issues
  Cortical arousal levels are the differences between extraverts
and introverts.
 Physiological condition that is inherited, not learned.
 Extraverts need a higher level of sensory stimulation to maintain
Overview optimal levels of stimulation
 Diathesis-stress model is accepted by Eyesenck in his perspective
on Neuroticism and Psychoticism
 Psychoticism is independent of the other two superfactors
Rotter’s Social Learning
Theory
  Cognitive factors help shape people’s reactions to
environmental forces
 Expectations are the bases of performance, not reinforcement

Overview  Interactionism: People’s cognitions, histories, and expectations

are keys to predicting behavior

 Researched on delayed gratification and consistency (or

inconsistency) of personality
  5 basic Hypotheses:
 Humans interact with meaningful environments
 Human personality is learned
 Personality has a basic unity (Or relative stability)
 Motivation is goal directed
Overview  People are more strongly reinforced by behaviors that move them
towards the direction of anticipated goals (Empirical Law of effect)
 People are capable of anticipating events.
 Attempted to explain through formulas
 Need Potential, Freedom of Movement, etc.
  Categories of Needs:
 Recognition-Status
 Dominance

Overview  Independence
 Protection-Dependency
 Love and Affection
 Physical Comfort
Mischel’s Social Learning
Theory
  Behavior is largely a function of a situation or context.
 Personal dispositions influence behavior only under certain
conditions.
 Behaviors are potentially predictable with stable patterns of
variation in an individuals Cognitive-Affective Personality (or
Overview processing) System (CAPS)
 People employ self-regulatory strategies to control their own
behavior through self-imposed goals and self-produced
consequences
  Consistency Paradox: People’s behavior is relatively
consistent, however, empirical evidence suggests large
variabilities in behavior.

Key Terms  Encoding strategies: are ways of categorizing information

received from external stimuli.
 Competencies: Refers to the vast array of information we
acquire about the world and our relationship to it
Kelly’s Psychology of Personal
Constructs
  Considered a “Metatheory” or a theory about theories
 Based on a philosophy known as Constructive Alternativism

 People anticipate events by the meanings or interpretations they

place on those events (Construct)
 People’s behavior is shaped by building upon their constructs
Overview through expanding their interpretation of the world
 Process known as Construction

 People are not victims of circumstance, as alternative

constructions are always available
  Basic Postulate: A person’s processes are psychologically
channelized by the ways in which [that person] anticipates
events
 People’s behaviors, thoughts and actions, are directed by the way
Overview they see the future.
 “Channelized” suggests people move with a direction
 “anticipates events” suggest that our present view of the future
shapes our actions.
  Constructive Alternativism: All present interpretations of the
universe are subject to revision or replacement
 Construction Corollary: A person anticipates events by
constructing their replications
Keywords  People are forward looking

 Individuality corollary: persons differ from each other in their

construction of events
 People are different, therefore their interpretations are different
  Organization corollary: People characteristically evolve for
their convenience in anticipating events.
 People organize our constructs in a manner that minimizes
incompatibilities and inconsistencies.

 Dichotomy Corollary: People’s constructs are based on a finite

number of dichotomous constructs
Keywords  Constructs are meant to be dichotomous

 Choice corollary: People choose an alternative in a

dichotomized construct through which they anticipate the
greater possibility for extension and definition of future
constructs
 People make choices based on how they anticipate events
  Range Corollary: A construct is convenient for the anticipation
of a finite range of events
 Constructs are limited to particular ranges of convenience
 Allows a distinction between concepts and constructs
Keywords  Experience Corollary: A person’s construction system varies as
they successively construe the replication of events
 When we are right/wrong about our anticipations influences our
behavior
  Modulation corollary: The variation in a person’s construction
system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within
whose range of convenience the variants lie.
 Fragmentation Corollary: A person may successively employ a
Keywords variety of constructive subsystems which are inferentially
incompatible with each other
 Explains the inconsistencies in one’s behavior depending on the
situation
  Commonality Corollary: To the extent that one person employs
a construction of experience which is similar to that employed
by another, that person’s processes are psychologically similar

Keywords to those of the other person

 Two people need not experience identical events or similar events
to be psychologically similar, they only need to construe
experiences in a similar fashion
  Sociality corollary: To the extent that people accurately
construe the belief system of others, they may play a role in a
social process involving those other people.
 People do not communicate based on common experiences or

Keywords constructions.
 People communicate because they create an expectation of other
people’s constructions in their own mind.
 People do not merely observe behavior, they interpret what the
observed behavior means to the observed person.