Inferential Statistics

with Computer
Applications
By: PROF. ASRAKAL K. DAWAI
Topics:

1. Population and Samples with Slovin’s Formula

2. Hypothesis and hypothesis testing
3. Parametric Statistical Instruments
a. T-test (one tailed and 2-tailed)
b. Z-test (one tailed and 2-tailed)
c. F- Test or Analysis of variation (ANOVA) (one tailed and 2-tailed)
d. Pearson Correlation
e. Regression
4. Non-Parametric Statistical Instruments
a. Chi-square
b. Spearman Correlation (rank)
c. Wilcoxson
d. Kruskal Wallis
e. Others
 Population and Sample

The term population, as used in statistics, refers to a group

of total number of people or objects.
Example:
if a researcher would like to study the organizational climate
corps elementary schools in a certain place as perceived by the
teachers and administrators, then the population of the study
covers all administrators (principal or head teacher or officer in
charge) and all the teachers in all elementary schools in every
districts of that place.
Population can either be finite or infinite.
 Finite population can be counted with relative ease and the
number of pain is finite.
Examples: number of voters in a barangay, number of
farmers in a municipality, the number of LGUs in a locality.
 Infinite population cannot be counted easily because of the
large number involved.
Examples: numbers of people in the Philippines - shake
shack number is very difficult to obtain because of the
number of people who are born and died every now and
then.
 Sample
It is a collection of some elements of the population of it is the
representative of the entire population. To make it
representative of a population, samples are usually drawn using
the process of randomization.
Example:
1. Out of 200 students, you will get 110 of them to participate.
2. From 560 members of PNP personnel in your subject place,
you will select 120 as respondents
 The Slovin’s Formula

The method of determining the sample size from a

population size is best illustrated using the formula given below:

where: n – sample size

N – population size
e – margin of error (value not higher than 0.05)
(the researcher is still safe in making conclusions when
using e = 0.05)
Illustration”
Example:

A researcher would like to determine the research

capability of graduate students in four schools in Metro
Manila. Suppose, there are four school offering graduate
studies you obtain. Let us consider the hypothetical data
on the number of graduate students in the four School. Let
us determine the sample size to be used in the study.
 Schools Population (Ni)
West Bay 400
PUP 800
PLMun 600
TCU 700
AS A WHOLE 2500

Solution:
1. Determine the population (N = 2500)
2. Using margin of error (e) of 0.03, determine the sample size
using the formula given above
Steps in determining the number of respondents by group
1. Determine the proportion of the sample size and the population size.
P = n/N
= 769 / 2500
= 0.3076
2. Multiply the computed proportion (p) to each population (Ni) per group
SUCs Population (Ni) Sample

West Bay 400 (0.3076) 400 = 123

PUP 800 (0.3076) 800 = 246

PLMun 600 (0.3076) 600 = 185

TCU 700 (0.3076) 700 = 215

Total
2 should give769the same value as the
3. Adding the values obtained in step 2500
sample size.
 Sampling Techniques

Random or Probability Sampling

1. Lottery or Fishbowl
2. Sampling with the used of Table
3. Systematic
4. Stratified
5. Multi-stage or Multiple Sampling

Non Random or Non-Probability Sampling

6. Judgmental or Purposive
7. Quota
8. Cluster
9. Incident Sampling
10.Convenience
 Hypothesis Testing

What is Hypothesis?

It is a conjecture or a statement which aims to explain certain phenomena

in the real world. In other words, it is a statement with many faceted ideas
that are still to be resolved whether they are true or not. It is to be true or
false. This is subjected to testing statistically.
Two Types of Hypothesis

1. Null Hypothesis ---- denoted by Ho, is a

statement which states that there is no
significant relationship or no significant
difference between two or more variables, or
one variable does not affect another variable.

2. Alternative Hypothesis ---- denoted by Ha, is a

statement which states that there is a significant
relationship or difference between two or
variables, or one variable does affect other
variable.
Note:

The situation of these hypotheses challenges each

other.

If the null hypothesis is accepted then the

alternative hypothesis is rejected. However, in
statistical research, hypotheses should be written in
null form and it is the only hypothesis to be under
testing.
How to formulate Hypothesis

Situation 1: You wanted to correlate the inflation

rate to the economic status of Filipinos.

Ho: There is no significant relationship between

the inflation rate and economic status of
Filipinos.

Ha: There is a significant relationship between

the inflation rate and economic status of
Filipinos.
Situation 2. You want to obtain the performance of
the recent Criminology graduates from that of last
year in the board examination.

Ho: There is no significant difference between the

performance of the recent Criminology graduates
from that of last year in the board examination.

Ha: There is a significant difference between the

performance of the recent Criminology graduates
from that of last year in the board examination.
Situation 3. You want to determine the differences
of the perceptions of three groups of respondents
on the achievements of PNP Anti-Drugs Group.

Ho: There is no significant differences among the

perceptions of three groups of respondents on the
achievements of PNP Anti-Drugs Group.

Ha: There is a significant differences among the

perceptions of three groups of respondents on the
achievements of PNP Anti-Drugs Group.
 Hypothesis Testing

Factors to consider

1. Significance Level --- this was set by the researcher where the
percentage of error occur in the study. The most commonly used
level of significance is 5% or 0.05 It means the acceptance level
of the study is 95%

2 types of error

Type 1 – rejecting the null hypothesis when in fact it is true

Type 2 – Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false.
2. One tailed and two tailed test

One-tailed test if the rejection region lies on one

extreme side of the distribution.

Two-tailed test if the rejection region is located in

both ends of the distribution.

3. Degree of Freedom – depicts the number of

pieces of independent information available for
computing variability. For any statistical tools is used
in testing hypothesis, the number of degrees of
freedom required will vary depending on the sized of
distribution.
 Steps in Testing Hypothesis

1. Formulate the hypothesis. Denote it as Ho and Ha.

2. Set the desired Level of Significance.
3. Determine the appropriate statistical test to be used in testing the null
hypothesis.
4. Compute the value of statistics to be used.
5. Compute the degree of freedom.
6. Find the tabular value using the table of values for different test.
7. Compare the computed value to the tabular value. The computed is
less than the tabular, accept null and if it is greater than the tabular
reject null.