The Study of Literature

Ella Mae T. Ronquillo

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 When you hear the word “literature”,
what comes into your mind?
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 Essence and Significance of Literature
➔ Literature, in its broadest sense, is everything that has ever been
written.
➔ came from the word litera which means “letter”
➔ is one of the seven arts (music, dance, painting, sculpture, theater,
and architecture)
➔ can be referred to as the “story of man” and the “mirror of life”
➔ does not yield much unless we bring something of ourselves to it
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 Why do we read literature?
➔ For information
➔ For amusement
➔ For higher and keener pleasure
➔ For cultural upliftment
➔ For discovery of broader dimensions in life
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 Literary Standards
Artistry Intellectual Value

stimulates critical thinking

sense of beauty

Suggestiveness Spiritual Value

brings out moral values and elevates the

emotional power
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spirit and the soul

 Literary Standards
Permanence Universality

appeals to everyone regardless of social

timelessness differences

Style

distinct way the author expresses his or

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her thoughts
 Divisions of Literature
Prose Poetry

Form Written in paragraph form Written in stanza or verse form

Language Ordinary language Metrical, rhythmic, and figurative

language

Appeal To the intellect To the emotion

Aim To convince, inform, instruct, imitate, Stir the imagination and set an ideal
and reflect of how life should be
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 Forms of Prose
1. Prose Drama - dialogues in prose; acted on stage

2. Essay - a short literary composition which is expository in nature

3. Prose Fiction - something invented, imagined, or feigned to be true

a. Novel - a long fictitious narrative with a complicated plot; it is made

up of chapters
b. Short Story - a fictitious narrative compressed into one unit of time,
place, and action
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 Forms of Prose
4. Biography and Autobiography

Biography - a story of a certain person’s life written by another who

knows him/her well

Autobiography - a written account of man’s life written by himself

5. Letter - a written or printed message from one person to another

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 Forms of Prose
6. Diary - a daily written record or account of the writer’s own
experience, thoughts, activities, or observations

7. Journal - a magazine or periodical especially of a serious or

learned structure
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 Other Forms:
● Historical Prose
● Scientific Prose
● Satirical Prose - ridicules the vices and follies of men
● Current Publications - books, magazines, or newspapers that are
commonly known or accepted for general usage
● Literary Criticism - the analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of
literary works
● Book Review - an article dealing with the contents, literary worth,
etc. of a book
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 Other Forms:
● Travelogue - a written account of trips, journeys, tours, etc. taken by
the writer
● Parody - an imitation of another author’s work, where ridicule is the
main objective
● Anecdote - a brief narrative concerning a particular individual or
incident
● Character Sketch - a short description of the qualities and traits of a
person
● Parable - a short tale that illustrates principle
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 Other Forms:
● Pamphlet - a small book of topic of current interest
● Eulogy - writing in praise of a dead person, event, or thing
● Speech - a discourse delivered to an audience whether prepared or
impromptu
○ Address - a formal, carefully prepared speech
○ Oration - an eloquent, rhetorical, sometimes merely bombastic
speech, especially delivered on some special occasion
○ Lecture - a carefully prepared speech intended to inform or instruct
an audience
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 Other Forms:
○ Talk - informal; the speaker uses simple conversational
approach
○ Sermon - a speech by a clergyman intended to give religious
or moral instruction
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 Literary Genres
a. Fiction
b. Poetry
c. Essay
d. Drama
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 Fiction
➔ an imaginative recreation and re-creation of life
➔ includes short stories and novels
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 Elements of Fiction
a. Character
b. Setting
c. Conflict
d. Plot
e. Point of View

a. Characters f. Mood
b. Setting g. Tone
c. Conflict h. Symbolisms
d. Plot i. Images
e. Point of View j. Theme
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 Characters
➔ are the representations of a human being; persons involved in a conflict

Types of Characters

1. Round Character

- a dynamic character who recognize changes in circumstances

- a fully developed character, with many traits — bad and good

2. Flat Character
- typically a stereotype character who does not grow and develop
- not fully developed
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 Characters
Others:

● Protagonist - hero/heroine
● Antagonist - a foil to the protagonist; villain
● Deuteragonist - second in importance
● Fringe - one who is destroyed by his inner conflict
● Typical or minor characters
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 Setting
➔ the locale (place) or period (time) in which the action of a
story takes place
➔ also known as the background of the story
➔ the author uses words, mentions things in the native
language, gives names to character’s lines to create a vivid
picture of a native place
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 Conflict
➔ the struggle or complication involving the characters

Types of Conflict:

a. man vs. man

b. man vs. himself
c. man vs. society
d. man vs. nature
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 Plot
- causally related sequence of events which involve the character/s in conflict
- beginning → middle → ending

Narrative Order - the way the events are sequenced

● Chronological - most common type of narrative order

● Flashback - narration of an event that took place before the current time of the story
● Time lapse - the story skips a period of time that seems unusual compared to the rest of the plot
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 Pyramidal Structure of a Plot
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Freytag’s Pyramid
 Pyramidal Structure of a Plot
1. Exposition (beginning) - introduces the setting and the main characters
2. Rising Action (complication) - unfolds the problem and struggles that would be
encountered by the main characters
3. Climax - most exciting part and has the greatest emotions
4. Falling Action - untying the entangled knots; shows a conflict or a problem is
solved; leading to its downward movement or end
5. Denouement/Resolution - ending; last statements about the story
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 Qualities of the Plot

1. Exciting
2. Good structure
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 Plot Devices

1. Flashback
2. Foreshadowing
3. Suspense
4. Surprise Ending
5. In Medias Res (“in the midst of things”)
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 Point of View

1. First Person Central - the writer uses the pronoun “I”; he/she is central to the
plot

“If only I had a time machine…”

2. First Person Peripheral - not central to the plot but tells the story from his/her
perspective

“I wish I had known him sooner, then I could have been his.”
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 Point of View

3. Second Person - the narrator, who is distant from the plot, tells the story from
“your” perspective

“You wished upon a star to make you live longer.”

4. Third Person - the writer-narrator is a character in the story who narrates based
on what he observed

“His eyes sparkled the way I’ve never seen before.”

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 Point of View

Third Person Limited - an outsider or observer who is not part of the story

“Once upon a time, there lived a beautiful princess named Snow

White.”

Third Person Omniscient - the writer-narrator sees all; he can see into the minds of
the characters and even report everyone’s innermost thoughts
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 Other Elements

Mood - atmosphere or emotional effect generated by the words,

images, situations

ex. Melancholy, joyous, tense

Tone - attitude of feeling of the speaker or author conveyed by the

language in its artful arrangement
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 Other Elements

Symbolisms - stand for something other than themselves

Images - characterized by concrete qualities rather than abstract

meaning

The sun rose in a cloudless sky and flooded the earth with liquid
gold.
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 Other Elements

Theme - central or domination idea in a literary work,

- topic or subject
- It is NOT some familiar saying or moral lesson.
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SLIDESMANIA
 Old English (
Artistry Wednesday Friday

Intellectual Vale Thursday

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 Old English (450-1100 AD)

about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old
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English roots
 Middle English (1100-1500 AD)
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 Middle English (1100-1500 AD)
➔ new conquerors: The Normans, led by William the Conqueror in
1066
➔ they brought a kind of French
➔ For a period, there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the
lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French.
➔ In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but
with many French words added.
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 DID YOU KNOW?
Elephants and storms.

Did you know that elephants can sense storms?

Elephants may be able to detect a thunderstorm from hundreds of

miles away, and will head towards it, looking for water.
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 CLEARLY, ANIMALS KNOW MORE
THAN WE THINK, AND THINK A
GREAT DEAL MORE THAN WE
KNOW.
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― Irene M. Pepperberg
 DID YOU KNOW?
Pandas don’t hibernate.
When winter approaches, they head lower down their mountain homes to warmer
temperatures, where they continue to chomp away on bamboo!

There are more kangaroos than humans in Australia.

It is estimated that more than 50 million kangaroos live there. They are Australia’s
national symbol and appear on postage stamps, coins, and airplanes.

Koalas are even more lazy than cats.

Koalas don’t have much energy and, when not feasting on leaves, they spend their time
dozing in the branches. Believe it or not, they can sleep for up to 18 hours a day!
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 MY CATS

Of my cats are Traveled by plane.

Are females.
adorable. Twice!
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 LET’S REVIEW SOME FACTS

Elephants Pandas Cats

Elephants can sense storms. Pandas don’t hibernate. Cats use their whiskers as feelers to
determine if a space is too small to
squeeze through.

Dogs Kangaroos Koalas

Dogs can smell your feelings. There are more kangaroos than Koalas are even more lazy than cats.
humans in Australia.
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