DESIGN OF

EXPERIMENTS WITH
SEVERAL FACTORS
TOPIC: Statistical Analysis of the Fixed-Effects Model
EXAMPLE 14-1
• Aircraft primer paints are applied to aluminum surfaces by two
methods: dipping and spraying. The purpose of the primer is to
improve paint adhesion, and some parts can be primed using either
application method. The process engineering group responsible for
this operation is interested in learning whether three different
primers differ in their adhesion properties.
•SOME APPLICATIONS OF
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
TECHNIQUES (CD ONLY)
• Experimental design is an extremely important tool for engineers and
scientists who are interested in improving the performance of a
manufacturing process. It also has extensive application in the
development of new processes and in new product design. We now
give some examples
• 1. Solder temperature
• 2. Preheat temperature
• 3. Conveyor speed
• 4. Flux type
• 5. Flux-specific gravity
• 6. Solder wave depth
• 7. Conveyor angle
• In addition to these controllable factors, there are several other
factors that cannot be easily controlled, once the machine enters
routine manufacturing, including
1.Thickness of the printed circuit boar
2. Types of components used on the board
3. Layout of the components on the board
4. Operator
5. Environmental factors
6. Production rate
2k factorial design
An article in the AT&T Technical Journal (Vol. 65, March/April 1986, pp.
39–50) describes the application of two-level factorial designs to
integrated circuit manufacturing. A basic processing step in this
industry is to grow an epitaxial layer on polished silicon wafers. The
wafers are mounted on a susceptor and positioned inside a bell jar.
Chemical vapors are introduced through nozzles near the top of the jar.
The susceptor is rotated, and heat is applied.
• These conditions are maintained until the epitaxial layer is thick
enough. Table 14-13 presents the results of a 22 factorial design with
n 4 replicates using the factors A deposition time and B arsenic flow
rate. The two levels of deposition time are short and long, and the
two levels of arsenic flow rate are 55% and 59%. The response
variable is epitaxial layer thickness (m). We may find the estimates of
the effects using Equations 14-11, 14-12, and 14-13 as follows
• The numerical estimates of the effects indicate that the effect of
deposition time is large and has a positive direction (increasing
deposition time increases thickness), since changing deposition time
from low to high changes the mean epitaxial layer thickness by 0.836
m. The effects of arsenic flow rate (B) and the AB interaction appear
small. The importance of these effects may be confirmed with the
analysis of variance. The sums of squares for A, B, and AB are
computed as follows: