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Maximize z x1 5 x2 3x3
Subject to x1 2 x2 x3 3
2 x1 x2 4
x1 , x2 , x3 0
Subject to
x1 x2 x3 4
x1 4 x2 x4 8
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 0
Degeneracy
Unbounded Solutions
Infeasible Solutions
DEGENERACY
Degeneracy
During the application of Simplex method, a tie for the
minimum ratio may be broken arbitrarily.
x2
Example 1 Constraint x1 + 4x2 8 is
redundant as it is not essential
Max z = 3x1 + 9x2 for finding the optimal solution
Subject to
x1 + 4x2 8
x1 + 2x2 4 x1 + 4x2 8
x1, x2≥ 0
x1
x1 + 2x2 4
Basic x1 x2 s1 s2 Sol.
z -3/4 0 9/4 0 18
x2 1/4 1 1/4 0 2 8
s2 1/2 0 -1/4 1 0 0
Basic x1 x2 s1 s2 Sol.
z 0 0 3/2 3/2 18
Optimality conditions are
x2 0 1 ½ -½ 2 satisfied
x1 1 0 -1/2 2 0
How to remove degeneracy
x1, x2≥ 0
(4,0)
Graphical Solution
Solving by simplex method
s2 1 1 0 1 4 4/1
Basic x1 x2 s1 s2 Sol. Optimality conditions are
satisfied, however it may be
z 0 0 2 0 10
noted that the z-row
x2 ½ 1 ½ 0 5/2 coefficient corresponding to
s2 ½ 0 -1/2 1 3/2 the non basic variable is zero.
Max z = 2x1 + x2
Subject to Unbounded
x1 - x2 10 optimal
space
2x1 40
x1, x2≥ 0
x1
Graphical Solution
Solving by simplex method
Basic x1 x2 s1 s2 Sol.
z -2 -1 0 0 0
s1 1 -1 1 0 10
s2 2 0 0 1 40
Basic x1 x2 s1 s2 Sol.
z 0 0 -1 3/2 50
x1 1 0 0 1/2 20
x2 0 1 -1 1/2 10
Unbounded Solution.
INFEASIBLE SOLUTION
Infeasible solution
This situation can never occur when all the constraints are
of the type ().
2x1 + x2 2
Solving by simplex method
R 3 4 -1 0 1 12 12/4
B.V x1 x2 x4 x3 R Sol.n
z 1+5M 0 M 2+4M 0 4 – 4M
x2 2 1 0 1 0 2
R -5 0 -1 -4 1 4
Subject to
x1 x2 10
2 x1 x2 40
x1 , x2 0
Basic z x1 x2 s1 s2 Sol. Ratio
z 1 -2 1 0 0 0
s1 0 1 -1 1 0 10 10
s2 0 2 -1 0 1 40 20
z 1 0 -1 2 0 20
x1 0 1 -1 1 0 10 -
s2 0 0 1 -2 1 20 20
z 1 0 0 0 1 40
x1 0 1 0 -1 1 30
x2 0 0 1 -2 1 20
Note that we have got the optimal tableau.
(30,20)
Minimize x + 1/3 y
Subject to: x + y 20
-2 x + 5 y 150
x5
x 0 y 0
n
Aj x j b
j 1
Where Aj is the jth column of A. A subset of m vectors is
said to form a basis, B, if and only if, the selected m vectors
are linearly independent. In this case, the matrix B is nonsingular.
If XB is the set of m variables associated with the vectors of
nonsingular B, then XB must be a basic solution. In this case,
we have
1
BX B b XB B b
The problem can be written as
1 c z 0
0 A X
b
Let B is a m x m non-singular sub-matrix of the
coefficient matrix A.
Let XB be the corresponding set of basic variables
with cB as its associated objective vector. The
corresponding solution (and the objective function
value ) may be computed as follows:
1 -cB z 0
X
0 B B b
1
z 1 CB 0
X 0 B b
B
z 1 CB B 0
1
X 1
B 0 B b
z C B B b C B X B
1
X 1 B 1 b
B B b
The general simplex tableau:
1 cB B 1 c z 1 cB B 0
1 1
1
0 B 0 A X 0 B b
1
1 cB B A - C
1
z cB B b 1
X B b
1 1
0 B A
Thus in the new simplex tableau the z column
will be 1
0
.
.
0
Basic z xj Solution
1
z 1 cB B1 Aj c j cB B b
1
XB 0 1
B Aj B b
Consider the following LPP
Maximize z x1 x2 2 x3
subject to 2 x1 2 x2 3x3 5
x1 x2 x3 3
x1 x2 x3 2
x1 , x2 , x3 0
After introducing the slack variables s1 , s2 , s3 to the
respective constraints, the problem becomes
Maximize z x1 x2 2 x3
Subject to 2 x1 2 x2 3x3 s1 5
x1 x2 x3 s2 3
x1 x2 x3 s3 2
x1 , x2 , x3 , s1 , s2 , s3 0
So the starting simplex tableau is
Basic z x1 x2 x3 S1 S2 S3 Sol
z 1 -1 1 -2 0 0 0 0
S1 0 2 -2 3 1 0 0 5
S2 0 1 1 -1 0 1 0 3
S3 0 1 -1 1 0 0 1 2
After we apply the Simplex method a portion of
the tableau is as follows:
Basic z x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 Sol
z 1
1 1 0
x2 3
0 1 0
s3 0 0 1 1
x3 0 1 2 0
Basic z xj Solution
1
z 1 cB B1 Aj c j cB B b
1
XB 0 1
B Aj B b
Since x2 , s3 , x3 are the basic variables in the
final tableau in that order, the basic matrix B is
formed by the columns corresponding to these
variables in the starting tableau in that order.
2 0 3
B 1 0 1
1 1 1
1 3 0
1
B 0 1 1
1 2 0
Basic z x1 x2 x3 s1 s2 s3 Sol
z 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 8
x2 0 5 1 0 1 3 0 14
s3 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 5
x3 0 4 0 1 1 2 0 11
Consider the following LPP
Maximize z 4 x1 3x2 x3 2 x4
subject to
4 x1 2 x2 x3 x4 5
3x1 x2 2 x3 x4 4
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 0
After introducing the slack variables s1 , s2
to the respective constraints, the problem becomes
Maximize z 4 x1 3 x2 x3 2 x4
subject to
4 x1 2 x2 x3 x4 s1 5
3 x1 x2 2 x3 x4 s2 4
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , s1 , s2 0
After we apply the Simplex method a portion of
the final tableau is as follows:
Basic z x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 Sol
z
x2 1 -1
x4 -1 2
Basic z x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 Sol
z 1 3 0 2 0 1 1 9
x2 0 1 1 -1 0 1 -1 1
x4 0 2 0 3 1 -1 2 3
Tutorial-5
(1) The optimal table of the following LPP is given below,
find the missing entries
Z 0 0
X2 1 0 -2/5 3/10
X3 0 0 1 1/5 -2/5
66
(2) Consider the LPP
67
(3) Following is an optimal table of a LPP with all ≤ type
constraints and non-negative right-hand side vector, find the
optimal basis and the construct the original LPP.
BV x1 x2 x3 x4 s1 s2 s3 Sol
z 0 4 0 1 4 2 0 40
0 1/2 1 0 1/2 0 0 5/2
1 -1/2 0 1/3 -1/6 1/3 0 5/2
0 0 0 2/3 -1/3 -1/3 1 3