Applied Chemistry and Environment

CH-101
Dr. Fida Mohammad
Dr. Sajjad Hussain
Engr. Abdul Wahab
Skills for learning:

1. Language ( English: Reading, Writing, Thinking )

2. Math and Computer
3. Syllabus
4. Autonomous learning ( Independent learning )
 Dr. Sajjad Hussain

Office: NAB CS18, Off.Ext: 62176

Dr. Fida Muhammad E-mail: sajjad.hussain@giki.edu.pk

Office: FMCE-G04 Sections: E, F, G, H A: 08:00 am /

Off.Ext: 2226
E-mail: mfida@giki.edu.pk
Sections: A, B, C, D A: 08:00 am /
Sec B: 1
Office Hours: 7 am – 5pm
Sec B: 1
Office Hours: 9 am - 5 pm
(working days)
Eng. Abdul Wahab
Office: NAB CS 10 Off.Ext: 62427
E-mail: abdul.wahab@giki.edu.pk

Sections: I, J: 08:00 am / Sec B: 1

Office Hours: 9 am - 5 pm
(working days)
 Outcomes Based Education (OBE)
By the time you graduate you are expected to have achieved the Following

Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs)

1. Engineering Knowledge 8. Ethics
2. Problem Analysis 9. Individual and Teamwork
3. Design/Develop. Solutions 10. Communication
4. Investigation 11. Project Management
5. Modern Tool Usage 12. Lifelong Learning
6. The Engineer and Society
7. Environment and Sustainability
3

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 Grading Policy

1. Assignments (2x3) 06%

2. Quizzes (5x4) 20%

3.Mid Term Exam 30%

4. Final Term Exam 44%

Note: 80% attendance

 Course Contents ( Lecture-wise Breakup)
1. Importance of Chemistry for Engineers and Its Application in Industries (1)
2. Mass spectrometry, Determination of atomic masses, stoichiometry and chemical calculations (3)
3. Standardization of solution for quantitative titration (1)
4. Electrochemistry, Batteries, Solid state batteries (7)
5. Corrosion mechanism, causes and its control (2)
6. Nano-chemistry, deposition of thin films, CVD, PVD, Purification of silicon for electronic chip manufacturing
(2)
7. Polymers (4)
8. Fossil fuels, clean combustion processes, Integrated gasification combined cycle IGCC, CO 2 capturing from
exhaust gasses and Syngas from coal (3)
9. a). Chemistry for Environmental sustainability and green chemistry including its twelve principles (2)
b). Photochemistry, Free radicals, Interaction of solar radiation with molecules in the atmosphere, Acid rain,
ozone in the atmosphere, Urban smog (3)
10. Treatment of water for domestic and industrial uses, treatment of wastewater to preserve aquatic ecosystem
(2)
 Text & Reference Books:

1. General Chemistry by Donald A. McQuarrie et al , 4th ed. 2011

2. Chemistry, The Central Science, Theodore L. Brown et al. 13th Edition (2014)

3. Chemistry: The Molecular science, Olmsted and William ( 1994 )

2. Applied Chemistry: Book for Engineers and Technologists by Roussak and Gesser ( 2013 )

3. Environmental Chemistry, Colin Baird and Michael Cann, 3rd Edition (2005)

4. General Chemistry, Kenneth W. Whitten et al. 6th Edition (2000)

5. Water Chemistry, Stanley E. Manahan, CRC Press (2011)

 Learning Outcomes of
CH101 (Applied Chemistry and Environment)

On successful completion of this course, students will be able to

CLO-1 Students will be able to:

Demonstrate understanding of the principles and laws of chemistry
PLO – 1 required for chemical calculations, Nano-chemistry, corrosion control,
electrochemical cells, batteries as clean energy devices, fossil fuel
C-2 combustion etc.
CLO -2 Students will be able to:
Explain air pollution such as acid rain, urban smog, Ozone depletion, global
PLO – 7 warming and treatment of potable and wastewater, Green Chemistry

C-3
Chemistry
 Chemistry is a quantitative science dealing with:

►Chemical Species such as:

Atoms, Molecules, Ions, Free radicals
Free Radicals are very important
Chemical species

Don’t ignore them

H O OH OOH NO NO2 NO3

Important reaction in the atmosphere

OH + CO → CO2 + H
 You already know the following
• Atomic and molecular masses in amu

• Molecular mass, Molar mass, g-molar mass

• Mass numbers, Atomic numbers

• Amount is expressed as moles, number of molecules, grams

• Concentration: molarity, Molality, mass%, vol.%, ppm, ppb, ppt

 The Atomic Mass Scale ( chemistry )
Electrolysis in electrochemical cell:
Oxygen Hydrogen

100 g H2O → 11.1 g H2 + 88.9 g O2

Let there be

n atoms of O and 2n atoms of H in 100 g water

Mass of one atom of oxygen = 88.9 g / n

Mass of one atom of Hydrogen = 11.1 g / 2n

Mass ratio = ( 88.9 / n ) / ( 11.1 / 2n ) = 16.018

We find O atom 16.018 times heavier than H atom

Atomic Mass Unit (amu) from Mass Spectrometer

C
12
 Mass spectrum of chlorine

C
12

Magnetic field Or atomic mass

Average, Relative to12C , mass of Cl atom, in amu, to four significant figures

(0.7533)(34.969amu) + (0.2447)(36.966 amu) = 35.46

 Calculate the number of amu in one gram of 12C
Example: convert 2Km into cm.
We know: 1Km = 1000m →1000m/1Km = 1 or 1Km/1000m = 1
Similarly, 1m = 100cm →100cm/1m =1 or 1m/100cm = 1

Hence (2Km) (1000m/1Km) (100cm/1m) = 2 x 1000 x 100 cm = 200,000 cm

 Conversion of g to atoms

Required Given Conversion Result

factor
Conversion of moles to atoms
Suppose 0.05 g of water evaporates in one hour.
How many molecules evaporate in one second

/S
 Calculations: Grams, Moles, Molecules

Quantitative information from balanced equation

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
4g 32g 36g

2 moles 1mole 2 moles

1.20 X1024 6.02X1023 1.20 X1024

molecules molecules molecules
Question: Assuming this classroom to be 20 m X 20 m X 6 m in dimension
Calculate number of molecules of CO2 in this room
if the concentration of CO2 is 0.04 v%
Conditions: Temperature 25 0 C, Pressure is one atmosphere,
Humidity is zero, Ar present
 moles are given → convert to grams

Calculate the mass in grams in 0.433 mole of calcium nitrate Ca( NO3)2.

Solution: calculate the molar mass first:

Ca N O
40.08 + 2 x 14 + 2x3x16 → Molar mass Ca( NO3)2 = 164.1 g

gram = (0.433 mole ) x ( 164.1 g / mole ) = 71.1 g

 g are given → convert to molecules

How many molecules are present in 5.23g of C6H12O6?

Grams → moles → molecules

Molecules

= (5.23g) (1 mole/180.0g) (6.02x1023 molec /mole ) = 1.75x1022 molecules

Combustion analysis of Organic compounds and
determination of empirical formula

0.255 g of an alcohol 0.306 g H2O 0.561 g CO2

→ 0.255 g of an alcohol gives 0.561 g CO2 and 0.306 g H2O on combustion
Moles C = (0.561 g CO2)(1 mol CO2 / 44.0 g CO2) (mol C/ mol of CO2) = 0.0128

Moles H = (0.306 g H2O)(1 mol H2O/18.0 g H2O)(2 mol H/ 1 mol H2O) = 0.0340
Find Moles of O as follows:
Mass of C in g = (0.0128 mol C) (12.01 g C / 1 mol C) = 0.154

Mass of H in g = (0.0340 mol H) (1.01 g H / 1 mol H) = 0.0343

Calculate mass of O in g as follows:

Mass of O in g = (0.255g sample ) - 0.154 g C- 0.0346 g H = 0.067
Moles O = (0.067 g O) (1 mol O / 16.0 g O) = 0.0042
Moles H = 0.0340; Moles C = 0.0128; Moles O = 0.0042

Molar ratio as whole numbers C:H:O::3:8:1 Empirical formula C3H7OH

Given Empirical Formula and Molecular mass
determine Molecular Formula
Empirical formula of Ascorbic acid C3H4O3 (given)

Molecular formula to be found n(C3H4O3)

Molecular mass of Ascorbic acid = 176 amu ( given )

n[(3 (12.0 amu) + 4(1.0 amu) + 3(16.0 amu) ] = 176 amu

n = Molecular mass / empirical Formula mass = 176/88 = 2

Hence 2(C3 H4 O3) = C6H8O6

A 20.882-g sample of an ionic compound is found to contain 6.072 g of Na, 8.474 g of
S, and 6.336 g of O. What is its simplest formula?
Determine atomic mass of an unknown element from empirical formula
1. Empirical formula of metal oxide given as MO
2. Mass of metal taken 0.490 g
3. Burn the unknown metal in oxygen
4. Mass of metal oxide formed = 0.813 g

5. Mass of oxygen in MO = 0.813 g – 0.490 g = 0.323 g of O

6. Moles of O = (0.323 g) (1 mol O / 16.00 g O) = 0.0202 mol

7. From Empirical formula,

0.0202 mol O = 0.0202 mol M = 0.490 g M

8. One mole of metal = 0.490 g M / 0.0202 mol M = 24.3 g

 Calculation for amounts of reactants and products in balanced chemical Equation

3 H2 + N2 → 2 NH3
8.50 g ? ?

Questions:

1. How many grams of ammonia will be formed

2. How many grams of nitrogen will be required

g NH3 produced =
(8.5 g H2 )(1 mole H2/2.016 g H2)(2 moles NH3 /3 moles H2)(17.03 g NH3/1 mole NH3) = 47.9 g
Balanced equation: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Mix 7 moles of O2 and 10 moles of H2

Which one O2 or H2 will run out first
Find
Limiting reagent
Excess reagent
Theoretical yield
Experimental Yield
Percent Yield
 How much H2O will be produced when 10 mole of H2 and 7 mole of O2 react
The balanced equation is given : 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Amount of water produced when Amount of water produced when all of

all of the O2 is consumed the H2 is consumed
Mole H2O = Mole H2O =
(7mole O2)[2 mole H2O/1 mole O2] (10 mole H2)[2 mole H2O/2 mole H2]
= 14 mole = 10 mole

Limiting reagent is the one producing less amount of the product

 Phosphorus: the Limiting Element

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are

responsible for growth of plants in ponds, rivers and creeks.

Phosphorus is the limiting reagent and Growth stops.

What if phosphorus is added in large quantities from

detergents and fertilizers

How much H2SO4 will form from 5.0 mol SO2 , 2.0 mol O2 and unlimited supply of H2O ?

Given: 2SO2 + O2 + 2H2O  2H2SO4

Find the limiting reagent

Solution:
5.0 mole of SO2 consumed:
Moles O2 = (5.0 mole SO2) (1 mole O2 / 2 mole SO2) = 2.5 mole O2

Available O2 is 2.0 mole. Hence O2 is limiting reagent.

Hence amount of H2SO4 produced will be controlled by O2
How much Ba3(PO4)2 will be produced when
3.50g Na3PO4 and 6.40 g Ba(NO3)2 are mixed
2Na3PO4 + 3Ba(NO3)2 → Ba3(PO4)2 + 6NaNO3

Given:
1 mol Na3PO4 = 164 g
1 mol Ba(NO3)2 = 261 g
1 mol Ba3(PO4)2 = 602 g
Amount of product based on: Na3PO4

Amount of product based on Ba(NO3)2 :

Hence Ba(NO3)2 is the limiting reactant. Why ?

Consider the following reaction again:

2Na3PO4 + 3Ba(NO3)2 → Ba3(PO4)2 + 6NaNO3

3.50g 6.40g

4.92g 4.70g
Calculated Experimentally obtained

Percent yield = (4.70 / 4.92) X 100 = 95.5%

 Adipic acid H2C6H8O4, is made commercially via the reaction

2C6H12 + 5O2  2H2C6H8O4 + 2H2O

cyclohexane
Take 25.0 g of cyclohexane, unlimited supply of O2 & find % Yield

Experimental yield is given to be 33.5g.

Theo. Yield =
(25 g)( 1 mol cycl./ 84 g) (2mol/2 mol) (146 g/mole Adipic acid) = 43.5 g

Percent yield of adipic acid?

Percent yield = (actual 33.5 / theoretical 43.5)X100 = 77.0%
 Reaction of gasoline ( C8H18 ) with air in the internal combustion engine

Assumption: Dry air by volume: 79% N2, 21% O2, zero % Ar

Reaction in internal combustion engine:
a. 2 C8H18 + 25 O2 → 16 CO2 + 18 H2O
b. 2 C8H18 +25 O2 + (94 N2 ) → 16 CO2 + 18 H2O + (94 N2)

What is air fuel ratio = mass of air / mass of fuel =

[25x32 + 94x28] / 2 [ 96 + 18 ] = 15.0
Another fuel:
CH4 + dry air ( 2 O2 + 7.52 N2 ) → Exhaust (CO2 + 2 H2O + 7.52 N2)

Calculate Molar mass of dry air: [78 x 28 + 21x32 + 1x40] / 100 = 28.96
 Standardization of solutions
Why standardize solutions ?

Standard compounds are used:

1. Must not react with or absorb the components of atmosphere
(O2, CO2 or water vapor)
2. Must react according to one well defined reaction
3. Must have high percentage purity
4. Should have high FW (minimize the effect of error in weighing)
5. Must be soluble in desired solvent
6. Preferably available in the solid state
7. Should be nontoxic
8. Should be readily available (inexpensive)
9. Should be environmentally friendly
 Preparing solution: How much and what molarity?
A bottle contains 40 mass% HCl solution in water and has a density of 1.20 g/ml.
Calculate volume in mL to be taken from this bottle for preparing 500ml solution of 0.2M

Moles of pure HCl= (0.2 mol/L x 0.5L) = 0.10

g of pure HCl = 0.10 mol x 36g/mol = 3.6g pure HCl

g of Solution from bottle = 3.6g pure HCL x 100g solution/40g HCl = 9g of solution

Volume of solution in mL = 9 g solution x 1/1.2g.cm-3 = 7.5 mL of solution

V(mL) = (0.2 mol/L x 0.5 L) x (36 g HCl / mol) x ( 100 g solution / 40 g HCl ) ( ml / 1.20g ) = 7.5 mL soln.

Take 7.5 ml from the bottle and dilute it to 500 ml with water ! !

O2 dissolves in sea water to the extent of 8.3 mg/L at 25 ºC. Calculate

concentration as Molarity & ppm of O2 in this solution ?
Standardization of acid solution

→Na2CO3 is used for standardization of acids

Calculate the molarity of H2SO4 solution if 40.0 ml of this solution neutralizes

0.364 g of dry & accurately weighed Na2CO3.

H2SO4 [40mL of solution]+ Na2CO3  Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O

mol of Na2CO3 = [0.364g X (1 mol / 106 g)] = 0.0034 mol

mol of H2SO4 = 0.0034 mol Na2CO3 X [1 mol H2SO4/ 1 mol Na2CO3]

= 0.0034 mol of H2SO4 present in 40 mL of the test solution

Exact Molarity of H2SO4 = 0.0034 mol / 0.0400L = 0.085 M

Standardization of alkaline solution
Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate ( KHP ) is used for standardization of base
solutions

Calculate the molarity of NaOH solution if 20.00 ml of the solution reacts

with 0.3644 g of dry accurately weighed KHP

NaOH + KC6H4(COO)COOH  KC6H4(COO)COONa + H2O

moles NaOH = [0.3644g X (1 mol / 204.2 g)][1mol NaOH/1mol KHP]

= 0.001783 moles NaOH

Thus molarity NaOH ( test solution )

= 0.001783 mol / 0.02000 L = 0.08915 M NaOH
Mathematical Approach to Balancing chemical equations

CaSO4 + CH4 + CO2  CaCO3 + S + H2O

a CaSO4 + b CH4 + c CO2  d CaCO3 + e S + f H2O

To determine a, b, c, d, e, and f simultaneous equations
are solved

4CaSO4 + 3CH4 + 1CO2  4CaCO3 + 4S + 6H2O

 CaSO4 + CH4 + CO2 CaCO3 + S + H2O

a CaSO4 + b CH4 + c CO2 d CaCO3 + e S + f H2O

Material balance shows: Assume a = 1, then e = d = 1

Ca: a = d 4 + 2c = 3 + f
S: a = e Since b + c = 1 → c = 1 – b
O: 4a + 2c = 3d + f 4 + 2(1-b) = 3 + f
C : b +c = d
And f = 2b
H : 4b = 2f
4 + 2(1-b) = 3 + 2b
b = 3/4
C=1– ¾ = 1/4 & f = 6/4

CaSO4 + 3/4 CH4 + 1/4 CO2 CaCO3 + S + 6/4 H2O

4CaSO4 + 3CH4 + CO2 4CaCO3 + 4S + 6H2O

How do we balance charge in the algebraic method

a MnO4- + b H+ + c Fe2+ → d Mn2+ + e Fe3+ + f H2O

Mass balance:
For: Mn → a = d
For: Fe→ c = e
For: O → 4a = f
For: H → b = 2f
Charge balance : - a + b + 2c = 2d + 3e

Assuming a =1, then → – 1 + b + 2c = 2 + 3e

- 1 + 2f + 2e = 2 + 3e
-1 + 8-2 =e
e = 5, c = 5, a=1, d=1, f = 4, b=8

MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ → Mn2+ + 5 Fe3+ + 4 H2O

 Determination of %age of Iron in Iron ore

1. Dissolve 3.532 g iron ore in conc. H2SO4

2. 34.58 mL of 0.11108 M KMnO4 solution from buret is required for

complete reaction with iron.

MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ → Mn2+ + 5 Fe3+ + 4 H2O

 MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ → Mn2+ + 5 Fe3+ + 4 H2O

3.523 g iron ore was dissolved in H2SO4 and titrated against 0.1108 M solution of KMnO4.

34.58 mL KMnO4 soln was used for complete reaction. Calculate %age of Iron in the ore

Moles KMnO4 used = (0.1108 mole/L)(34.58 mL)(1L/1000 mL) = 3.831x10-3 moles

Moles Fe reacted = (3.831x10-3 mole KMnO4)(5 moles Fe/1 mole KMno4) = 19.16 x 10-3 moles

gram Fe reacted = (19.16 x 10-3 mole)( 55.845 g Fe/1 mole Fe) = 1.070 g Fe

Mass% Fe in Ore = [1,070 g Fe] / [3.523 g Ore] x 100 = 30.37 %

 Key of Quiz 1 (Oct. 14, 2021)
Q1. A vehicle consumes 14 Kg of CNG (CH4) during a round trip to Islamabad.
Calculate the amount in Kg of:
1. O2 required
2. CO2 produced
3. H2O produced.
Given: CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
At. Masses C=12 , O=16, N=14 & Dry air: N2 is 79 and O2 is 21 V% (10pts

1. O2 required = (14Kg CH4)(1000g/1Kg)(1mol/16g)(2mol O 2/1mol CH4)(32g O2/1mol)(1Kg/1000g) = 56Kg O2

2. CO2 produced = (14000g/16g mol CH4)(1mol CO2/1molCH4)(44gCO2/1molCO2)(1Kg/1000g) = 38.5 Kg CO2

3.H2O produced = (14000g/16g molCH4)(2mol H2O/ 1mol CH4)(18g/1mol H2O)(1Kg/1000g) = 31.5Kg

 Q2. 1.443 g sample of metal is reacted with excess oxygen
to yield 1.683 g of the oxide M2O3.

Calculate the atomic mass of the element M. (10pts)

g of O = 1.683 g oxide – 1.443g sample = 0.240g of O

moles of M = (0.24g O)(1 mol O/16g O)(2 mol M/3 mol O) = 0.01 mol M

0.01 mol M = 1.443g of M

1mol M = 1.443g/0.01 = 144.3 g which seems to be the element Galium