CHAPTER II

(Oxygen Cycle, Energy and Nutrients Cycle)

INTERACTIONS & BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
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 CONCENTRATION

1BIO
2
GEO
3
CO2 4
O2 5
CHEMICAL
6
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

NITRIC
NO37 8
NO3
9
OXIDE 10
GEO
11
PLANTS
12
NITROGEN

NITRIC
13
CHEMICAL
14
ANIMALS
15
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

16
BIO
17
NO3 18
OXIDE

19
NO3
20
NITROGEN
21
O2 22
ANIMALS
23
CO2 24
PLANTS

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 Oxygen Cycle
 Is a circulation of oxygen in
various forms through nature.
 The atmosphere contains about
21% oxygen. Nitrogen is on
top of the list of gases in the
atmosphere.
In oxygen cycle, the oxygen
is liberated as shown by the
equation.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light

energy
Photosynthesis is the process by
which plants use sunlight, water,
and carbon dioxide to create oxygen
and energy in the form of sugar.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O
C6H12O6+6O2
 This free oxygen may be utilized again in
respiration or it may be returned to the
environment as molecular atmospheric
oxygen, completing the cycle. Therefore,
oxygen enters organisms only through
respiration and leaves through
photosynthesis. It may incorporate in water
and interlink with the water cycle of
indirectly with carbon cycle.
 The oxygen in the atmosphere is the source of
ozone (O3). The feared ozone layer protects
organisms by preventing most of the ultraviolet
and X-ray from reaching the earth's surface. Many
are still easy believers of a catastrophic ozone
layer. The most recent factor affecting the oxygen
cycle of the biosphere and the oxygen budget of
the earth is the man himself and selfish attitudes.
He doesn't care. Man consumes the oxygen and
decreases the oxygen level and increases the
carbon dioxide level as the burn fossil fuels.
 The energy cycle describes the
interactions between energy
sources within the Earth's
environment. 
 A nutrient cycle is a repeated
pathway of a particular
nutrient or element from the
environment through one or
more organisms and back to the
 • ENERGY and NUTRIENT
CYCLING
All ecosystems consist of two
components: the biotic or living
components-bacteria, fungi, protists,
plants and animals and the abiotic or
non-living physical or chemical aspects
of the environment, such as the climate,
light, temperature, availability of water,
and minerals in the soil. The living
 Nutrients are atoms and molecules that
organisms obtain from their environment
as food in their quest for survival and
therefore growth in population. The same
nutrients may have been sustaining life
on Earth from the life was detected to be
present for about 3.5 billion years.
Nutrients are brought to the Earth but
they never leave the planet.
 Much of the energy reaching Earth
from the sun is reflected back into space
by the atmosphere, clouds, and the Earth's
surface. Some is absorbed by the Earth to
warm the planet. Less than 0.03% of the
energy reaching Earth from the sun
equivalent to almost a kilowatt is
captured by photosynthetic organisms,
and supports life on Earth
 Energy enters ecosystems
through photosynthesis. Plants,
algae, and photosynthetic
bacteria acquire nutrients such as
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and
phosphorus from the abiotic
portions of ecosystems.
 Photosynthesizers bring energy and
nutrients into ecosystems.
Photosynthetic organisms ,capture
sunlight's energy. Nutrients and
energy contained in biological
molecules move from photosynthetic
organisms to non-photosynthetic
organisms
 The energy cycle describes the
interactions between energy
sources within the Earth's
environment.

 The energy cycle is based on the

flow
of the energy through the
 Energy, on the other hand, takes a one-way
trip through ecosystems. Solar energy is
captured by photosynthetic organisms like
bacteria, algae, and plants, and then transfers
from organism to organism. Then, all of life's
energy is converted to heat that is given off
to the environment but cannot be used to
drive the chemical reactions of living
organisms. Life requires a non-stop input
energy.
 Energy is passed from one trophic
level to the next. Each category of
organisms is called a trophic level.
Producers (or autotrophs) are
photosynthesizing organisms.
Consumers (or heterotrophs) cannot
photosynthesize. Ninety-nine percent of
protozoans are non-photosynthesizers.
 The heterotroph consumers acquire energy,
and nutrients from molecules in the bodies of
other organisms which they have consumed.
Energy flow through ecosystems begins with
photosynthetic organisms and passes through
several levels of non-photosynthetic organisms
that feed on the photosynthesizers or each other.
Autotrophs which make their own food (sugar-
glucose) using inorganic' nutrients and solar
energy from the environment.
 Energy is transferred from one trophic
level to the next higher level. There are
several levels of consumers. Primary
consumers (herbivores) feed directly and
exclusively on producers. These
herbivores (plant eaters) include animals
such as grasshoppers, mice, and zebras,
and form the second trophic level.
 Carnivores act as secondary consumers
when they prey on herbivores.
Carnivores (meat eaters) such as spiders,
hawks. and salmon, make up the higher-
level consumers. Max- be higher trophic
levels (like in the oceans). Some
carnivores eat other carnivores and are
called tertiary consumers (omnivores).
 There isn’t a perfect transfer of
energy from one organism to
another. It follows something
called the ten percent rule.
ex: 100,000 units of producers
 So what happens to all of that
extra energy that’s not accounted
for here?

METABOLIC PROCESS
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