CHAPTER II

(Oxygen Cycle, Energy and Nutrients Cycle)

INTERACTIONS & BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
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 CONCENTRATION

1
BIO
2
GEO
3
CO2 4
O2 5
CHEMICAL
6
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

NITRIC
NO37 8
NO3
9
OXIDE 10
GEO
11
PLANTS
12
NITROGEN

NITRIC
13
CHEMICAL
14
ANIMALS
15
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

16
BIO
17
NO3 18
OXIDE

19
NO3
20
NITROGEN
21
O2 22
ANIMALS
23
CO2 24
PLANTS

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 OXYGEN CYCLE
Is a circulation of oxygen in
various forms through nature.
The atmosphere contains
about 21% oxygen.
In oxygen cycle, the oxygen
is liberated as shown by the
equation.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light

energy
Photosynthesis is the process by
which plants use sunlight, water,
and carbon dioxide to create
oxygen and energy in the form of
sugar.

6 CO2 + 12H2O+LightEnergy
C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O
 This free oxygen may be utilized again in
respiration or it may be returned to the
environment as molecular atmospheric
oxygen, completing the cycle. Therefore,
oxygen enters organisms only through
respiration and leaves through
photosynthesis. It may incorporate in water
and interlink with the water cycle of
indirectly with carbon cycle.
 The oxygen in the atmosphere is the source of
ozone (O3). The feared ozone layer protects
organisms by preventing most of the ultraviolet
and X-ray from reaching the earth's surface. Many
are still easy believers of a catastrophic ozone
layer. The most recent factor affecting the oxygen
cycle of the biosphere and the oxygen budget of
the earth is the man himself and selfish attitudes.
He doesn't care. Man consumes the oxygen and
decreases the oxygen level and increases the
carbon dioxide level as he burns fossil fuels.
ENERGY and NUTRIENT CYCLING
___________________________________________________________
 All ecosystem consist of two
components:

1. Biotic or living components

Ex: bacteria, fungi, protists, plants and
animals
2. Abiotic or non living physical or
chemical aspects of the environment
Ex: climate, light, temperature,
availability of water, and minerals in the
• NUTRIENTS are atoms and molecules
that organisms obtain from their
environment as food in their quest for
survival and therefore growth in
population.
• Nutrients are brought to the earth but
they never leave the planet.
• ENERGY takes a one-way trip through
ecosystem.
 Solar energy is captured by
photosynthetic organisms like bacteria,
algae, and plants and then transfers from
organisms to organisms.
Then, all of life’s energy is converted
to heat that is given off to the environment
but cannot be used to drive the chemical
reactions of living organisms. Life requires
a non-stop input of energy.
 Energy enters ecosystems
through photosynthesis. Plants,
algae, and photosynthetic
bacteria acquire nutrients such as
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and
phosphorus from the abiotic
portions of ecosystems.
 Photosynthesizers bring energy and
nutrients into ecosystems.
Photosynthetic organisms ,capture
sunlight's energy. Nutrients and
energy contained in biological
molecules move from photosynthetic
organisms to non-photosynthetic
organisms
 The energy cycle describes the
interactions between energy
sources within the Earth's
environment.

 The energy cycle is based on the

flow
of the energy through the
 Energy is passed from one trophic
level to the next. Each category of
organisms is called a trophic level.
Producers (or autotrophs) are
photosynthesizing organisms.
Consumers (or heterotrophs) cannot
photosynthesize..
 The heterotroph consumers acquire energy,
and nutrients from molecules in the bodies of
other organisms which they have consumed.
Energy flow through ecosystems begins with
photosynthetic organisms and passes through
several levels of non-photosynthetic organisms
that feed on the photosynthesizers or each other.
Autotrophs which make their own food (sugar-
glucose) using inorganic' nutrients and solar
energy from the environment.
 Energy is transferred from one trophic
level to the next higher level. There are
several levels of consumers.
Primary consumers (herbivores) feed
directly and exclusively on producers.
These herbivores (plant eaters) include
animals such as grasshoppers, mice, and
zebras, and form the second trophic level.
Secondary consumers are carnivores when
they prey on herbivores. Carnivores (meat
eaters) such as spiders, hawks, and salmon,
make up the higher-level consumers.
May be higher trophic levels (like in the
oceans).
Tertiary consumers are the carnivores that
eat other carnivores.
 There isn’t a perfect transfer of
energy from one organism to
another. It follows something
called the ten percent rule.
ex: 100,000 units of producers
 So what happens to all of that
extra energy that’s not accounted
for here?

METABOLIC PROCESS
THANK YOU FOR
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GOD BLESS!