Set of Theory

Set
• May be thought of as a collection of objects and these objects are
called elements or members of the set.
• Example: In math,
• A set of silver ware a set of counting numbers
• A set of tires for a car a set of integers (-2,-1,0,2..)
• A set of encyclopedia a set of points
• A set of dishes a set of solutions for an equation
Cont.
• In mathematics, the set are well-defined, meaning if we are given a
particular object, we know whether that particular object is an
element or not of the set.
• Example. Identify which of the following sets are well-defined
• The set of all large numbers = not
• The set of all multiples of 3 = defined (ex. 3,6,9,12…)
• The set of good writers = not
• The set of nice people in your class = not
• Set of odd integers = well defined (ex. 1,3,5,7…)
Roster Method or listing method
• This is a method describing a set by listing each element of the set
inside the symbol {}. In listing the elements of the set, each distinct
element is listed once, and the order of the element does not matter.
• Example
• A={1,2,3,4}
• B={p,h,i,l,n,e,s}
• C={5,10,15,…}
• D={moon}
Cardinal number
Cardinal number of a set A, denoted by n(A)=n of A, is the number of
elements in the set.
Example:
A={a,e,I,o,u}
n(A)=5 because set A contains 5 elements
Cont.
• Equivalent sets
• Two sets that contain exactly the same number of elements
• Example: A={1,2,3,4} and B={m,a,t,h} has 4 elements
• Equal sets
• Two sets that contain exactly the same elements
• Example: A={a,e,i,o,u} and B={e,o,i,u,a}
Universal Set and subsets
• There are cases where two or more sets contain some, but not all of
the same elements.
• Example: A={2,4,6,8,…} and B={1,2,3,4,….} or natural numbers.
• 2ЄA=2 is members of A, 4 ЄA…. 2 ЄB, 4 ЄB
A is a set subset of B or A ⊂ B
• Given any two sets A and B, if every element in A is also an element in
B, then A is a subset of B
• Note: Every set is a subset of itself. A subset of a given set that is not
the set itself is called a proper subset
• If A is a subset of B, and there is at least one element in B not
contained in A, then A is a proper subset of B.
• Example: set A={a,b,c} and B={a,b,c,d}
•A⊂B
• Note: the empty set is a sub set of every set.
Example:
• A) A={1,2} b) B={1,2,3}
• {1,2} {}
• {} {1,2}
• {1} {1,3}
• {2} {2,3}
• 4 sub sets, set A {1}
• with 2 elements {2} 8 sub set, set B with 3 elements
• n(A)=2 or 2n=22=4 {3} n(B)=2 or 2n=23=8
• 8 subsets with 3 elements

note: if a set contains n elements, then it has 2 subsets

n
• Universal set – is the set of all possible elements of any set used in the
problem and is denoted by U.
• Example: U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
• A={2,6,7,8}
• A’={1,3,4,5,9}
• The elements of a set A is the set of all elements set, U that are not in
the set A. the notation for the complement of A is A’ (A prime)
Example: Given U={1,2,3,4,5}, A={1,3,5}. Find A’
• A’={2,4}