Low pass filter

Adrien Das Gupta

SRH university of applied sciences
Table of contents
• Introduction
• Experimentation
• Analysis
• Model
• Improvements
• Conclusion
Introduction
• Objective: To investigate the effects of varying frequency through a
low pass filter

• The low pass filter used in question:

3 stage low pass filter, each resistor with
resistance of 20000 ohms
And capacitors of capacitance: 2 * 10^-8
farads
Procedure
• Varying frequencies ranging from 100 to 40000 Hz passed through the
filter from a signal generator.
• The input and output voltages are read on an oscilloscope.

Experimental setup:
Procedure
• The data acquired from the oscilloscope is used to calculate an
average ratio of output voltage : input voltage for the amplitude of
each data set.
example set of data:
Procedure
• This gives us a ratio of output voltage to input voltage for each
frequency, producing this data set:
Calculations
• The ratios are then converted into decibels using the formula
10*log (ratio).
Model used
Calculated values are obtained using
this model.

The cutoff frequency is calculated to be

20000 Hz using formula:

Fc=1/2*pi*√R1*R2*R3*C1*C2*C3

½*pi*√20000^3*(2*10^-8)^3=20000
Hz

Reference: www.Wikipedia.org/low_pass_filter
Calculated values
• The gradient of the line beyond the cutoff frequency is -60 Db/decade
as it is a third order low pass filter, giving us the calculated values of:
Error bars
• Error bars are calculated using formula:

• To give error bars of:

Ratio of Vout to Vin (Db)
Graphs

Frequency (Hz)
Ratio of Vout to Vin (Db)

Log frequency
Calculations
• We have then calculated the least squared fitting for the straight line
section of the graph (after 20000 Hz)
 Log frequency
Ratio of output to input (Db)

Y=-0.00081x+13.205
Calculations
• Chi squared value is calculated for expected and measured value,
giving us a Chi square value of
Thank you!!