RESEARCH PROJECT PROGRESS

DEFENCE
BY
ABDULLAHI ZAKARIYAH
2016/1/59184EH

PROJECT TOPIC: KINETIC STUDY AND INVESTIGATION OF PALM OIL

BLEACHING USING ACTIVATED RIXE HUSK AND ACTIVATED CLAY AS
ADSORBENTS (A COMPARATIVE STUDY)

PROJECT SUPERVISOR: PROF. OLUWATOSIN SARAFA AZEEZ

 OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
• AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
• METHODOLOGY
• RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• WORK TO BE DONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
 METHODOLOGY

• The rice husk and clay was sourced from Gidan Kwanu village, Bida LGA. It was washed, sun dried for 24
hours before being pulverized to powder form and sieved.
• The rice husk and clay was activated with H2SO4 at two molarities (2M and 3M) in a mass volume ratio of
1:1.25. The mixture was allowed to stand for 8 hours then washed with distilled water until neutral and then
dried in an oven at 100C.
• The crude palm oil was degummed using phosphoric acid and hot water and later neutralized with NAOH
and separation was done using a centrifuge.
• The treated oil was bleached using the prepared adsorbents at varying contact time, temperature and
adsorbent dosage using an oven.
• The oil was characterized before and after bleaching and the absorbance value taken as well.
Pictures
 RESULTS
S/N PROPERTIES Z0 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 CODEX STANDARD
FOR PALM OIL

1 ACID VALUE (mg KOH/g 11.78 3.4 2.7 3.9 3.6 0.6 TABLE KEY
Oil)

2 SAPONIFICATION VALUE 213 192 191 191 190 190-209

(mg KOH/g oil) SAMPLE Z0: CRUDE PALM OIL

3 FREE FATTY ACID (%) 5.93 1.71 1.36 1.96 1.81 ≤2 SAMPLE Z1: OIL BLEACHED USING CLAY

4 COLOR DARK RED LIGHT RED PALE RED LIGHT RED LIGHT RED LIGHT YELLOW ACTIVATED WITH 2M H2SO4

5 ODOUR PUNGENT AGREEABLE ODOURLESS AGREEABLE AGREEABLE ODOURLESS

SAMPLE Z2: OIL BLEACHED USING CLAY
6 MOISTURE AND 2.42 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.9 0.2
VOLATILE CONTENT (% ACTIVATED WITH 3M H2SO4
m/m)

7 ESTER VALUE 201.22 188.6 188.3 187.1 186.4 189.4-208.4

SAMPLE Z3: OIL BLEACHED USING RICE HUSK
8 PEROXIDE VALUE (mEq/ 13.333 7.987 5.667 7.667 8.423 ≤ 10
kg of oil)

9 SPECIFIC GRAVITY 0.8934 0.8937 0.8936 0.8938 0.8938 0.891-0.899 ACTIVATED WITH 2M H2SO4
10 IODINE VALUE (mg I2/g) 55.88 54.28 54.65 55.13 55.06 50-55
(wijs)
SAMPLE Z4: OIL BLEACHED USING RICE HUSK
11 REFRACTIVE INDEX (ND 1.4650 1.4565 1.4560 1.4545 1.4550 1.454-1.456
40 ℃)
ACTIVATED WITH 3M H2SO4
12 VISCOSITY (mPas @ 80.5 43.54 42.22 46.78 46.02 35.41
40℃)

13 ABSORBANCE at 450nm 0.984 0.381 0.340 0.497 0.489 -

(A450)

TABLE 1: PHYSIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PALM OIL

 DOSAGE (g) ABSORBANCE (A450) PERCENTAGE BLEACHED (%)
  Z1 Z2 Z1 Z2
4 0.446 0.396 54.67 59.76
6 0.417 0.378 57.62 61.59
8 0.397 0.352 59.65 64.23
10 0.381 0.340 61.28 65.45

Plot of %bleached against dosage for 2M Plot of %bleached against dosage for 3M
62 66
61.28 65.45
65
60 64.23
59.65 64
Percentage bleached of oil (%)

Percentage bleached of oil (%)

63
58
57.62
62
61.59
56 61

Series1; 54.67 60 Series1; 59.76

54
59
58
52
57
50 56
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Dosage (g) Dosage (g)
 CONTACT TIME ABSORBANCE (A450) PERCENTAGE BLEACHED (%)
  Z1 Z2 Z1 Z2
15 0.472 0.419 52.03 57.42
30 0.451 0.398 54.17 59.55
45 0.438 0.391 55.49 60.26
60 0.443 0.395 54.98 59.86

Plot of %bleached against time for 2M Plot of %bleached against time for 3M
56 60.5
60.26
55.49 60
55 59.86
54.98
Percentage bleached of oil (%)

Percentage bleached of oil (%)

59.5 59.55
54.17
54 59

58.5
53
58

52 Series1; 52.03 57.5 Series1; 57.42

57
51
56.5

50 56
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Contact time (min) Contact time (min)
 TEMPERATUR ABSORBANCE (A450) PERCENTAGE BLEACHED (%)
E
  Z1 Z2 Z1 Z2
60 0.504 0.489 48.78 50.30
70 0.483 0.472 50.91 52.03
80 0.452 0.444 54.07 54.88
90 0.460 0.451 53.25 54.17

Plot of %bleached against temperature for 2M Plot of %bleached against temperature for 3M
55 56

54 54.07 55 54.88
53.25 54.17
Percentage bleached of oil (%)

Percentage bleached of oil (%)

53 54
53
52
52 52.03
51 50.91
51
50 Series1; 50.3
50
49 Series1; 48.78 49
48 48
47 47
46 46
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

Temperature (℃) Temperature (℃)

 DOSAGE (g) ABSORBANCE (A450) PERCENTAGE BLEACHED (%)
  Z1 Z2 Z1 Z2
4 0.562 0.533 42.89 45.83
6 0.523 0.511 46.85 48.07
8 0.504 0.498 48.78 49.39
10 0.497 0.489 49.49 50.30

Plot of %bleached against dosage for 2M Plot of %bleached against dosage for3M
52 51
50.3
50 50
49.49 49.39
Percentage bleached of oil (%)

Percentage bleached of oil (%)

48.78 49
48
46.85 48 48.07
46
47
44
Series1; 42.89 46 Series1; 45.83
42
45
40 44

38 43
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Dosage (g) Dosage (g)
 CONTACT ABSORBANCE (A450) PERCENTAGE BLEACHED (%)
TIME
  T1 T2 T1 T2
15 0.574 0.553 41.67 43.80
30 0.552 0.526 43.90 46.54
45 0.521 0.503 47.05 48.88
60 0.532 0.511 45.93 48.07

Plot of %bleached against time for 2M Plot of %bleached against time for 3M
48 50
47 47.05 49 48.88
46 45.93
Percentage bleached of oil (%)

Percentage bleached of oil (%)

48 48.07
45
47
44 43.9 46.54
46
43
45
42
Series1; 41.67
44 Series1; 43.8
41
40 43

39 42

38 41
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Contact time (min) Contact time (min)
 TEMPERATUR ABSORBANCE (A450) PERCENTAGE BLEACHED (%)
E
  T1 T2 T1 T2
60 0.612 0.598 37.80 39.23
70 0.593 0.576 39.74 41.46
80 0.542 0.528 44.92 46.34
90 0.557 0.534 43.39 45.73

Plot of %bleached against temperature for 2M Plot of %bleached against temperature for 3M
47 48
47
45 44.92 46.34
Percentage bleached of oil (%)

Percentage bleached of oil (%)

46
45.73
43.39 45
43
44
41 43

39.74 42
39 41.46
41
Series1; 37.8
40
37
39 Series1; 39.23

35 38
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95

Temperature (℃) Temperature (℃)

 WORK TO BE DONE

• From the result shown on samples treated with 2M and 3M H2SO4 activated clay
and 2M and 3M H2SO4 activated rice husk, it can be deduced that samples treated
with 3M H2SO4 gives the highest bleaching efficiency. Therefore, kinetic, rate
constant, and isotherm study would be taken on the values gotten from samples
treated with 3M of H2S04
• Further analysis tests (BET and FTIR) will be done on the oil and adsorbents
before and after bleaching.
THANK YOU