Objectives

On completion of this lesson you would be able to

• Explain Stacking faults.

• Explain Twinning.
• Identify twin planes and directions of B.C.C., F.C.C and H.C.P
space lattices.
• Differentiate Slip and Twinning.

1
 Recap

• Critical Resolved Shear Stress (C.R.S.S).

• Derivation of equation for C.R.S.S for a single crystal.

• Low angle grain boundaries

2
 Stacking-faults

• Stacking-faults are planar surface defects.

• Produced by a fault in the stacking sequence of atomic

planes in crystals.

• Faults in the stacking sequence can be produced in most

metals by plastic deformation.

• For the fcc structure the stacking sequence of the plane of

atoms is given by ABC ABC ABC.

MET702.9 TO 10 3
Stacking-sequence in FCC

MET702.9 TO 10 4
Stacking-sequence in FCC

MET702.9 TO 10 5
Stacking-sequence in FCC

MET702.9 TO 10 6
 Stacking-faults
• Faults in the stacking sequence of a crystal
• A A
• B B
• C C
• A A
• B B
• C ----------------------
• A A
• B B
• C C
• A A
• B B
• C C
• There is no orientation change in the crystal across the stacking
fault MET702.9 TO 10 7
 Stacking-faults
• Faults in the stacking sequence can be produced in most metals by
plastic deformation.
• Slip on the {111} plane in an FCC lattice produces a deformation
stacking fault.
• Slip has occurred between an A and a B layer.

• The stacking sequence then becomes ABC AC AB.

FCC Packing Deformation fault in FCC

MET702.9 TO 10 8
 Stacking-sequence in HCP
• For the hcp structure the stacking sequence is given by AB
AB AB.

MET702.9 TO 10 9
Stacking sequence of FCC vs HCP

MET702.9 TO 10 10
 Twinning

• The second important mechanism by which metals deform

is the process known as Twinning.

• In twinning the atoms slide layer by layer

• To take up an orientation that is related to the orientation of

the untwinned region

MET702.9 TO 10 11
 Twinning
• In a definite and symmetrical way, so that the twinned
region of the crystal is a mirror image of the untwinned
region.

• The crystallographic plane of reflection or symmetry is

called the twin plane.

• It is also the boundary between twinned and untwinned

regions.

MET702.9 TO 10 12
Twinning

MET702.9 TO 10 13
 Twinning
• A A
• B B
• C C
• A A ORIGINAL CRYSTAL
• B B
• C C
• A ---A----- MIRROR PLANE--- TWIN PLANE ---- TWIN BOUNDARY
• B C
• C B
• A A
• B C MIRROR IMAGE
• C B
• A A

• Twin boundary wrt FCC crystal

MET702.9 TO 10 14
Twin boundaries

MET702.9 TO 10 15
Twinning planes and directions in
FCC,BCC and HCP crystals

Crystal
Structure Plane Direction

FCC {111} <112>

BCC {112} <111>

HCP {1012} <1011>

MET702.9 TO 10 16
 Comparison of slip and twin

S.No Slip Twin

The orientation of atoms
Twinning produces an
above and below the slip
1 orientation difference
plane is the same after
across the twin plane.
slip deformation
Atoms in the twinned
portion move to orient
Mirror image does not
2 themselves to produce
form in the slip
mirror image of the
original lattice.

MET702.9 TO 10 17
 Comparison of Slip and Twin

S.No Slip Twin

The deformation is The deformation is
3
inhomogeneous homogenous

In twinning atoms move only

slip usually occurs in a fraction of the interatomic
4 discrete multiples of distance, which is proportional
the atomic spacing to its distance from the twin
plane

MET702.9 TO 10 18
 Comparison of Slip and Twin

S.No Slip Twin

slip produces thin slip Twins are seen as

5
lines. bands.

Higher stress is required Higher stress is needed

6 to propagate slip than to to nucleate a twin than
start it. to propagate it.

MET702.9 TO 10 19
 Comparison of Slip and Twin

S.No Slip Twin

The rate of formation of
slip is slower process at twins may be extremely
7
lower temperatures. high even at low
temperature.
Twin occurs in
8 Slip takes more time
microseconds.

MET702.9 TO 10 20
Differences between annealed & Mechanical
Twins
S.No Annealed Twins Mechanical Twins

Twins formed during the Twins formed during

1
annealing process plastic defomnation.

These are characterized by These are characterized

2
more surface areas by less surface area

Surface energy as annealed These are associated

3
twins is more with high strain energy

MET702.9 TO 10 21
Differences between annealed & Mechanical
Twins

S.No Annealed Twins Mechanical Twins

These are not associated with These are associated

4
strain so strain energy is zero with high strain energy

These are lenticular (i.e.

The edges as annealing Twins
5 lens shaped) and have
are not sharp but broader
sharp edges

MET702.9 TO 10 22
 Summary

• Stacking faults.
• Twinning.
• Twin planes and directions of B.C.C., F.C.C
and H.C.P space lattices.
• Differentiate Slip and Twinning

MET702.9 TO 10 23
Q1) For the hcp structure the stacking sequence is given by

A) AB AB AB

B) ABC ABC ABC

C) A A A

D) none of the above.

MET702.9 TO 10 24
Q2) For the FCC structure the stacking sequence is given by

A) ABC ABC ABC

B) AC AC AC

C) A A A

D) none of the above.

MET702.9 TO 10 25
Q3) Orientation of the crystal changes in

A) Twinning

B) slip

C) Stacking fault

D) none of the above.

MET702.9 TO 10 26
Q4) identify planar defects

A) Twin boundary

B) Grain boundary

C) Stacking fault

D) All

MET702.9 TO 10 27
 Frequently asked Questions

• 1) Describe what a stacking fault is 3 Marks

• 2) Describe twinning 3 Marks
• 3) Write any five differences between slip and twinning
5 Marks

28