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Nature of Mathematics:
Mathematical Language and Symbols
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Mr. Armando U. Miranda Jr., MATM 111 Instructor

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Mathematics E
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Mathematical Language and Symbols N
Syntax and Rules G
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Language is a system of conventional spoken, manual A
(signed), or written symbols by means of which human G
beings, as members of a social group and participants E
in its culture, express themselves. Below are some of the of
symbols which are commonly used in Mathematics:
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The ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 A
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Operations: +, – , X, Variables: a, b , c, x, y
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Sets: , , , , Set Notations:N, W, Z, Q, R E
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Special symbols: =, , <, >, , , , , , A
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Symbols in Logic/Connectives: , , , , I
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Characteristics of N
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Mathematical Language U
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Expressions vs Sentences N
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Let’s do the following: N

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Identify whether the given is an expression or a sentence. If it is A
a sentence, determine whether it is true or false. G
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1.) 12x + y 2.) A circle has no sides.
3.) (3)(2) = 5 4.) m + a – t x h of
 
Answers: M
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1.) It is an expression since it does not contain =, > or <. T
2.) It is a sentence. Every circle has no side. Therefore, it is a H
true sentence. E
3.) It is a sentence since it uses =. It is a false sentence since (3) M
(2) is 6 and not 5. A
4.) It does not contain any mathematical verb (=, > or <). T
Therefore, it is an expression. I
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Conventions in the N
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Mathematical Language U
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Below are some words which connotes the following operations: G
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division E

plus minus times divided by

of

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added to subtracted from multiplied by quotient of A
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sum of difference of product of ratio of H
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increased by decreased by twice, thrice reciprocal of M
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exceeds by less, less than doubled, tripled
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Translate the following English phrases into N
mathematical expressions. G
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Mathematical A
English Phrases
Expressions G
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12 more than thrice a number 3x + 12
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9 less than the sum of x and y (x + y) – 9
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9 less the sum of x and y 9 – (x + y) A
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(𝟐 𝒙 ) ( 𝒚 ) H
𝟑
The product of twice x and the cube of y
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The ratio of j minus 1 and y 𝒋 −𝟏 A
𝒚 T
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Translate the following English sentences into N
mathematical equations. G
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Mathematical A
English Sentences
Equations G
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z added to eight is twenty. 8 + z = 20
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k exceeds j by 3. k=j+3
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9 is less than the sum of x and y. 9<x+y A
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6 times p is greater than or equal to 10. 6p 10
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1 subtracted from c is equal to the 𝒓 A
𝒄 − 𝟏=
quotient of r and 4. 𝟒 T
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2 SETS
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 Concepts on Sets
Set – is a collection of common objects, numbers, letters in the alphabet, people,
and any other sets.
Examples: A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, . . .} S
 
Element – is a member of a set. It is denoted by .
Examples: 1 A
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12 B

Subset – is a set in which all of its elements are found in another set.
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Example: A ⊆ B since all elements of A are found in B.
B ⊄ A since there are elements in B which are not S
found in A.
Cardinality – refers to the number of elements in a set. It is denoted by n( )
where the name of the set is written inside the parenthesis symbol.
Example: n(A) = 4 or
n(B) =   or
 Concepts on Sets
Universal Set – a set that contains all elements found in the other given set/s. It is denoted
by U.
Example: C = {a, e, i, o, u}

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D = {j, k, l}
U = {a, e, i, j, k, l, o, u}
 

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Null Set – a set with no element. It is denoted by { }. This is also known as null set,
denoted by .
 

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Note: An empty set is a subset of any set. Any set is subset of universal set.
 
Equal Sets – are sets with exactly the same elements.

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Example: E = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
F = {9, 7, 5, 3, 1}
 
Therefore, E = F.
 
Equivalent Sets – are sets with the same cardinality.
Example: G = {w, x, y, z}
H = {0, 10, 100, 1000}
 
Therefore, G H.
 Concepts on Sets
Union of Sets
The UNION of two sets is a set containing all elements that are in both
sets. For example if A= and B=, then . Note that every A B is equal to B A. S
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Exercises: Given that , , and , find the ff: 1.) J A 2.) Y A

Answers:
1. J A =
2. Y A =
 Concepts on Sets
Intersection of Sets
The INTERSECTION of two given sets is the set that contains all
the elements that are common to both sets. For example if A= and B=,
then . Like union of sets, every AB is equal to BA.
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Exercises: Given that , , and find the ff: 1. E F 2. DF

Answers:
1. EF =
2. DF =
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Concepts on Relations and Functions E
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Relation – is a set of ordered pairs (x, y). A
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Examples: I
A = {(0, 1), (1,2), (2, 3), (3, 4)} O
B = {(STEM, Engineering), (ABM, Business Economics), (HUMSS, AB N
Philosophy), (GAS, BS Education)} S
 
Function – is a relation in which repetition of any element of its domain is not
allowed. “Bawal umulit si x (1st coordinate)” and
 
Examples: F
C = {(0, 0), (-1,1), (1, 1), (-2, 4), (2, 4)} is a function. U
D = {(0, 0), (1, -1)), (1, 1), (4, -2), (4, 2)} is not a fcn. N
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Types of Relation: T
One-to-one Ex: President to country (Function) I
Many-to-one Ex: Students to teacher (Function) O
One-to-many Ex: Priest to mass parishioners (Not a function) N
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Do you have any questions?
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Offline Learning:
Your Performance Task #2 is already published in CANVAS.
Apply your learned concepts in mathematical translation and
concepts on sets as you answer PT#2.