Chapter 4

PRESENTATION,ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF

DATA
 PRESENTATION OF DATA

• Presentation of Data is the method by which the people organize,

summarize and communicate information using a variety of tools such as
tables,graphs and diagrams.
THREE WAYS OF PRESENTING DATA

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data
 PRINCIPLES OF PRESENTATION

• Data should presented in a simple form

• Arose interest in reader
• Should be concise but without losing important details
• Facilitate further statistical analysis
• Define problem and should suggest its solution
 THREE WAYS OF PRESENTING DATA
Textual Presentation of Data – uses statements with numerals or numbers to
describe data.
• For example, The following refers to the degrees earned by 59 Science teachers in the hypothetical
study of the teaching of science in the high schools of Province A:
Of the 59 science teachers ,21 or 35. 59 percent have earned a Bachelor of
Arts degree with education units, four or 6.78 percent have earned a Bachelor of
Science in Civil Engineering Degrees with education units ,31 or 52.54 percent a
Bachelor of Science in Education degree, and three or 5.08 percent a Master of
Arts degree.
 Stem-and leaf Plot

In the stem and leaf plot, the

data are organized from least
value to the greatest value. The
digits of the least place values
from the leaves and the next
place value digit forms the
stems.

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 TABULAR FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
Is a table which shows data arrange into different classes and the number of
cases which fall into each class.
 Text tables (Special purpose or derivative tables)

Constructed to present selected data

from one or more general purpose
tables.
It brings out a specific point of answer
to specific questions.
It includes ratios ,percentages ,averages
etc.
It should be found in the body of the
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SIGNIFICANCE OF TABULATION
 Simplifies complex data
 Unnecessary details and repetitions
of data avoided in tabulation
 Facilitates comparison
 Gives identity to data
 Reveals pattern with in the figures
which cannot be seen in the
narrative form
RULES OF TABULATION
 A number should be assigned to the table (table No.)
 A title should be given to the table,it should be concise and self
explanatory
 Contents of the table should be define clearly
 Subtitles should be properly mentioned with columns and rows
 Group intervals in columns and rows should neither be too narrow nor
too wide. They should also be mutually exclusive
 Unit of measurement must be mentioned clearly where ever necessary
 Any short forms/symbols ,if used should be explained in the footnote
 No place should be left in the body of tables
 There should be logical arrangement of data in the table
Graphical Representation is a way of analyzing
numerical data. It exhibits the relation between data,
ideas, information and concepts in a diagram. It is easy to
understand and it is one of the most important learning
strategies..
General Rules for Graphical Representation of Data
• There are certain rules to effectively present the information in the graphical representation.
They are:
• Suitable Title: Make sure that the appropriate title is given to the graph which indicates the
subject of the presentation.
• Measurement Unit: Mention the measurement unit in the graph.
• Proper Scale: To represent the data in an accurate manner, choose a proper scale.
• Index: Index the appropriate colours, shades, lines, design in the graphs for better
understanding.
• Data Sources: Include the source of information wherever it is necessary at the bottom of the
graph.
• Keep it Simple: Construct a graph in an easy way that everyone can understand.
• Neat: Choose the correct size, fonts, colors etc. in such a way that the graph should be a visual
aid for the presentation of information.
CIRCLE OR PIE DIAGRAM

A pie chart display s

data as a percentage of
the whole. Each pie
section should have a
label and percentage. A
total data
number should be
included.
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 BAR GRAPH
Bar Graph are commonly used
to show the number or
proportion of nominal or
ordinal data which possess a
particular attribute . They depict
the frequency of each category
of data point as a bar rising
vertically from the horizontal
axis.
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 COMPARATIVE BAR GRAPH

Comparative Bar Graph

is a graph using parallel
bars of varying lengths, as
to illustrate comparative
costs exports, birth rates,
etc.
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 HISTOGRAM GRAPH

A histogram displays
continuous data in ordered
columns. Categories are of
continuous measure. Such
as time , inches,
temperature etc.
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 FREQUENCY POLYGON GRAPH
A frequency polygon can
be made from a line graph
by shading in the area
beneath the graph. It can be
made from a histogram by
joining midpoints of each
column.
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 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY POLYGON
GRAPH
A cumulative frequency
distribution (ogive) is
used to determine how
many or what proportion
of the data values are
below or above a certain
value.
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Ogives: (Cumulative Frequency Curves):
 Ogives is a smooth graph with cumulative frequency(cf) plotted against values (class limits).
 Class limits are taken along X- axis and cf along y-axis.
 There are 2 types of ogive
- less than cf curve or less than ogives(<cf)
- greater than cf curve or greater than ogive (>cf).

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Ogives: (Cumulative Frequency Curves):

Less than of curve (<ogive)

The variables values (class limits) is taken along the X- axis and <cf along the Y-
axis.<cf are plotted against the respective Variable values. Then these point are joint
by a smooth curve. The resulting graph is less than ogive.

Greater than cf curve (>ogive):

Here, the variables values (class limits) is taken along the X-axis and >cf along the Y-
axis.>cf are plotted against the respective variable values. Then these points are joint
by a smooth curve.the resulting graph is greater than ogive.
Note:
The two ogives are drawn together with a common axis. The points of intersection of the two ogives the Median point of the
distribution. Ogives are used to locate partition values also (like median, quartiles, deciles, percentiles).
Thank you….

Prepared by: Maureen R.

Montuya