TOPIC 1:

BASIC CONCEPTS IN
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT
ABDUL GHAFFAR BIN JAAFAR
JABATAN SAINS & MATEMATIK
IPGK TENGKU AMPUAN AFZAN
KUALA LIPIS
PAHANG,
1.1 Basic Concepts of Testing
Test Definition:

Testing is the process of submitting a standardized set

of questions that need to be answered, or a systematic
set of instruments or procedures for measuring a
sample of an individual’s or student’s behavior or
changes (Azizi, 2008).

While according to Siti Rahayah (2003) testing is a

process of measuring the achievement of student
mastery in a discipline in the classroom by using tests.
1.1 Basic Concepts of Testing

Definition:
According to Bhasah (2009) testing is a concept that is
frequently used by teachers on a monthly basis.

Teachers are required to provide

- monthly test.
- mid -semester exams.
- UPSR trial test
- Primary school Assessment Test).
- PMR Test (Lower Secondary Assessment),
- SPM (Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia).
- STPM (Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia).
- STAM (Sijil Tinggi Agama Malaysia).
1.1 Basic Concepts of Testing
Definition:

Whereas according to Cronbach (1970),

"A test is a systematic procedure for observing an

individual's behavior or conduct and making
descriptions with the help of a numerical scale or a
categorical system."
1.1 Basic Concepts of Testing
Definition:

Example of a numbered scale:

Measuring student achievement for a subject as in the

Local Studies test, students get a score of 90/100.

Examples of categorical systems

such as extroverts or introverts for personality tests and

green-red color blindness for vision tests (Mokhtar,
2009).
1.1 Basic Concepts of Testing
Purpose of testing:

a) Determine changes in student behavior.

b) Determine student achievement in learning.
c) Detect the difficulties faced by students.
d) Feedback to the teacher in terms of the strengths and
weaknesses of his teaching.
e) Feedback to students in terms of strengths and
weaknesses of their learning.
1.1 Basic Concepts of Testing
Test implementation:

Test implementation is divided into two namely

1. language test

Examples of language tests are paper and pencil tests

(written tests) and oral tests.

2. non-linguistic tests.

Non-linguistic tests for example are performance tests

that are more focused on psychomotor skills.
1.2 Basic Concepts of Measurement
Definition:
Measurement:
Measurement is a process of obtaining an explanation
numerically or through numbers about how much an
individual or student has a characteristic measured using
a particular tool or instrument (Azizi, 2008).

measurement is the assignment of numbers or numbers

to an object or thing according to a set of predetermined
rules. (Bhasah, 2009).
1.2 Basic Concepts of Measurement
Definition: Measurement:

Measurement tools used by teachers may consist of:

1. test,
2. rating scales.
3. checklist.

An example of a measurement is a score or score of 85

out of 100 marks for a test.
1.2 Basic Concepts of Measurement
Purpose of Measurement:

a. Track learning outcomes and types of skills acquired.

b. Detect the types of learning problems faced by students.

c. Compare the achievement and position of students in a

particular subject or their overall academic achievement.

d. Obtain information to classify and place students in

appropriate curriculum majors.

e. Obtain information for performance records and profile

records in response to students and parents.
1.3 Basic Concepts of Evaluation
Evaluation Definition:

According to Siti Rahayah (2003), evaluation is a system

or process that includes activities to gather information
about teaching and learning strategies and activities, to
make appropriate analysis and decisions and plan further
teaching and learning activities in an effective manner.

In a broader context, evaluation is an effort to present an

opinion about the value of an idea, solution, method,
material and so on. It involves the use of criteria as well as
standards to determine how accurate, effective,
economical or satisfactory something is.
1.3 Basic Concepts of Evaluation
Evaluation Definition:

Gay (1985) in Bhasah (2009), evaluation is a systematic

process while collecting and analyzing data to determine
whether a predetermined objective has been achieved.
This in turn allows teachers to make accurate judgments
or decisions regarding teaching and learning.

Evaluation is a systematic process to determine the extent

to which teaching objectives have been achieved by
students.
1.3 Basic Concepts of Evaluation
Evaluation Definition:

A process of evaluating whether the quantity of something

being measured is acceptable or not. It involves
1. identification,
2. acquisition
3. interpretation of information useful for the
consideration of decision choices based on an
educational objective.

Evaluationt is an important and very important aspect in

education.
1.3 Basic Concepts of Evaluation
Information/data for evaluation is in the form of:

a. Qualitative Using qualitative information that contains

descriptive statements to further elaborate, clarify or make
an analysis of an issue (Bhasah, 2009).

Qualitative data were obtained from event records and

observation records of an individual’s behavior.

Example:
Muhammad Haziq is a smart and intelligent student.  
1.3 Basic Concepts of Evaluation
Information/data for evaluation is in the form of:
b. Quantitative

Quantitative data includes numerical values ​or marks such

as Nurul Izzah has a degree of intelligence of 120.

In short, assessment is an important aspect of the learning

process because it encourages students to improve their
achievement, helps teachers make assessments about
students' learning, and encourages teachers to make
assessments about the impact of their teaching.     
1.3 Basic Concepts of Evaluation
Assessment Process

In general, the assessment process is as follows:

a) Determining the type of data to be collected

b) Determining the type of respondent/subject

c) Data collection

d) Analysis

e) Interpretation of data

f) Decision making
1.3 Basic Concepts of Evaluation
Purpose of Assessment:

a) Collect information on student achievement, make

analysis and take further action.
b) Determine the strengths and weaknesses of students and
plan enrichment and remedial activities.
c) Make considerations and judgments on the quality,
effectiveness or value of an educational activity.
d) Determine the achievement of lesson objectives set for
teaching and learning in the future.
e) Help teachers know the level of achievement of a teaching
objective, this situation makes it easier for teachers to make
decisions.
1.3 Basic Concepts of Evaluation
Exercise:

You are required to seek information on the

implementation of School Performance Evaluation (SPE)
for Civics and Citizenship Education subjects in your
school.
a. Obtain information to classify and place students in
appropriate curriculum majors.
b. Obtain information for performance records and profile
records in response to students and parents.
1.4 Basic Concepts of Assessment
Definition of Assessment:
Classroom assessment encompasses a wide range of
methods and resources used by teachers to collect,
interpret and synthesize information about students. ”
According to Cizek (1993) in Bhasah (2009),

Assessment is a process that involves the collection,

synthesis and interpretation of information in decision
making (Airasian, 2001) in Vincent Pang and Denis Lajium
(2008). According to Bhasah (2009), the terms
assessment and evaluation are interchangeable.
Generally, assessment involves making decisions based
on certain rules and standards.
1.4 Basic Concepts of Assessment

- Assessment is part of the learning process, therefore

assessment and evaluation is an ongoing process
that is incorporated into the teaching and learning
process.

- Assessment not only involves the administration,

scoring and grading of a test but includes the
collection of all forms of information that aid in the
understanding of students and the monitoring of
teaching.
1.4 Basic Concepts of Assessment
- Example:

- Various methods of information collection and

interpretation are also involved in the assessment.

- For example, Azni got 85 marks for the subject of Local

Studies.

- In the assessment we cannot say whether Azni's

performance is good or not because the marks are not
enough to provide the relevant information.
1.4 Basic Concepts of Assessment
- Example:

- What is measured is its performance only, there are

some things that cannot be shown or determined from
the assessment.

- For example the value, the reasons students get such

marks, the level of the program, the teaching and
learning approach and the effectiveness of the
curriculum objectives are achieved or not. 
1.4 Basic Concepts of Assessment
- Characteristics of assessment
- a. Assessment is a process of collecting data aimed at
making decisions about individuals or groups.

- b. Testing is part of the assessment.

- c. When making assessments on students, teachers

actually measure the level of competence to determine
whether the level of competence that needs to be
mastered at a particular level of teaching and learning
has been established.
1.4 Basic Concepts of Assessment
Purpose of Assessment

A. To enable the school system, schools, teachers and

students to improve and provide more meaningful
standards.

B. Provide focus or focus and direction to teaching and

learning in meeting the set standards.

C. Give certificates to students who show competence in a

field of learning and teachers determine the level of
student achievement compared to the criteria that have
been set.
1.4 Basic Concepts of Assessment
Purpose of Assessment

D. Use feedback from assessment results for educators

and students to understand and focus on improving
aspects related to their teaching and learning.
For example, finding the cause of weaknesses and helping
students to improve performance or improve teaching
methods.
1.4 Basic Concepts of Assessment
Purpose of Assessment

E. To increase students' motivation to learn better,

instructors to provide more meaningful teaching and a
more effective school system.

For example, when students are able to perform an

assignment with excellence, they are given recognition on
their achievement.
 THE END
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