Hypothesis

Testing
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING

 is a decision-making process for

evaluating claims about a population
based on the characteristics of a
sample coming from that population.
 the decision is whether the
characteristics is acceptable or not.

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 Outline

The Null Hypothesis

The Alternative Hypothesis
Level of Significance
Rejection Region
Types of Errors in hypothesis testing
 NULL AND
ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESES

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 Null Hypothesis:
H0
 The null hypothesis (denoted by H0) is
a statement saying that there is NO
significant difference between
population parameter and the value that
is being claimed.

 the starting point of the investigation.

 Either reject H0 or fail to reject H0.

 Alternative Hypothesis:
H1 or Ha
 The alternative hypothesis (denoted by
H1 or Ha or HA) is the statement saying
that there is significant difference
between population parameter and the
value that is being claimed.
 This is a statement that will be true once
the null hypothesis is rejected.
 The symbolic form of the alternative
hypothesis must use one of these
symbols: , <, >.
 Why start with the null
hypothesis?
Situation
The sequence of the arguments is like the
situation of a case brought to court where the
accused is presumed “not guilty” at the start.
Then, evidences are collected and evaluated
following a standard procedure. At the end of
the process, a decision is made as to whether
‘not guilty’ should be rejected or not rejected.
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 Formulating Hypotheses

1. The Head of P.E Department of a certain

high school claims that the mean height of
Grade 7 students is 163 cm. The mean height
of 45 randomly selected Grade 7 students is
161 cm. Using 0.01 significance level, can it be
concluded that the mean height of Grade 7
students is different from 163 cm as claimed
by the Head of the P.E department?
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Thus, the hypotheses would be:

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2. The manager of a TV station claims that the
mean number of people watching their new
sitcom in Manila is 500,000 each day. A
students researcher who wants statistical
evidence on this claim conducted her own
survey. Her survey resulted to a mean of
499,995. Using a 0.05 significance level, can it
be concluded that the mean number of
people watching the new sitcom is less than
500,000? 10
Thus, the hypotheses would be:

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3. The average daily
confirmed cases of
COVID19 in the
Philippines is 659.
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Thus, the hypotheses would be:

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 Hypotheses testing

 We can make two decisions:

1. Accept the null
 No significant relationship
 Observed results similar to the Null Hypothesis
2. Reject the null/Accept the Alternative
 Significant relationship
 Observed results different from the Null
Hypothesis
 Activity:

1. The net weight of a packet of a snack brand is 130 g. A

sample of 80 packets yielded a sample mean weight of
112 g with a standard deviation of 15 g.
2. In a graduate college, the average length of
registration time during a semester is 120 minutes
with standard deviation of 25 minutes. With
introduction of a new registration procedure, a
random sample of 50 students system took an average
of 80 minutes with a standard deviation of 12 minutes.
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 Activity:

3. A librarian of a school claims that all their

grade 8 students read an average of 10
storybooks a month with a standard
deviation of 2 books a random sample of
grade 8 students read an average 12 books a
month and a standard deviation of 1 book.
The confidence statement is 95%.
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 Activity:

4. According to a factory employer, the

mean working time of workers in the factory
is 6 hours with a standard deviation of 0.5
hours. A researcher interviewed 50% of the
employees and found out that their mean
time is 8 hours with a standard deviation of
1 hour. The α level is 0.05.
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Rejection region,
Critical value and
Level of
significance
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 Rejection Region, Critical Value,
and Level of Significance

 Critical Value- a point separating the two

regions (the rejection and acceptance)
 if the test statistics or computed value
falls in the rejection region, that is, it
falls beyond the critical point, then the
NULL HYPOTHESIS is rejected.

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 Rejection Region, Critical Value,
and Level of Significance

 the Level of Significance, alpha α,

corresponds to the rejection region and
the difference of one and the alpha (1-
α) corresponds to the area of the curve
occupied by the non-rejection region.
 the most commonly used values for
alpha are 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10
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 Rejection Region, Critical Value,
and Level of Significance
If the level of significance used is 5%
or 0.05, there is a 5% chance or 5
chances in 100 that the null
hypothesis would be rejected.
 the researcher is 95% confident that
he/she would make a correct decision.

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Type I and Type II Errors

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 What mistakes do people make?

1. Bryan thinks that he is a six-footer. His actual

height is 156 cm.
2. On a moonlit night, a young man declares
that there are two moons.
3. Thousands of years ago, Ptolemy declared
that the earth is flat.
4. Mark says “I am virtuous!”. In the next
moment, he finds himself in jail.
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 Four Possible
Outcomes in
Decision-Making
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 Potential outcomes of testing
DECISIONS
Accept Null Reject Null
R
E
A Null is true 1 2
L
I Null is false
T
Y 3 4
 Potential outcomes of testing
Decision
Accept Null Reject Null
R
E Correct
A Null is true decision 2
L
I Null is False
T
Y 3 4
 Potential outcomes of testing
Decision
Accept Null Reject Null
R
E
A Null is true 1 2
L
I Null is false
T
Correct
Y 3 decision
 Potential outcomes of testing
Decision
Accept Null Reject Null
R

1
E
Type I Error
A Null is true
L
I Null is false
T
Y 3 4
 Potential outcomes of testing
Decision
Accept Null Reject Null
R

1 2
E
A Null is true
L
I Null is false
T
Y
Type II Error
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 Potential outcomes of testing
Decision
Accept Null Reject Null
R
E Correct Type I Error
A Null is true decision (α error)
L
I Null is false
T
Correct
Y Type II Error
decision
(β error)
Example:

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 Example:
 Tim thinks wolf is present when no wolf is
actually present.
 Tim thinks wolf is NOT present when wolf is
actually present.
 Person is judged as guilty when the person
actually did not commit crime.
 Person is not judged guilty when the person
actually did not commit the crime.
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 Type I Error

Reality: No relationship
Decision: Reject the null
Rejecting something that is
true.
Analogy: Find an innocent
man guilty of a crime
 Type II Error

Reality: Relationship
Decision: Accept the null
Fail to reject something that
is false.
Analogy: Find a guilty man
innocent of a crime
Relating the type I and II errors in
life

In an ideal situation, there

is NO ERROR/MISTAKE
when we ACCEPT the
TRUTH and REJECT what is
FALSE. 
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 IDENTIFYING THE
APPROPRIATE FORM
OF THE TEST-STATISTIC

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 In reality, there are many
instances in testing hypothesis.
There are cases wherein the
sample is large or the sample is
small.
 Depending on the situation, there
are several approaches to validate
our hypothesis.
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z-test vs t-test

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 The Central Limit Theorem

The Central Limit Theorem

- states that the sampling distribution of
the mean approaches the normal
distribution as the sample size gets
larger. The sample sizes greater than or
equal to 30 are considered sufficient for
the CLT to hold.
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z-test vs t-test

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