INTERIOR

DESIGN
TOPIC:-

FLOOR COVERING
IKJOT KAUR
• CLASS- B.ARCH, 6TH SEM
• ROLL. NO:- 1818258
SUBMITTED TO:-
AR. VISHAKHA GIRDHAR
 • INTRODUCTION

• HISTORY

Overview •

•
IMPORTANCE

METHOD OF INSTALLATION

• VARIOUS TYPES OF FLOOR

COVERING
 INTRODUCTION

• Floors are an important aspect of hotel interiors as they are both functional decorative.
• The guests first impression of a hotel is largely determined by the appearance of the flooring in the
lobby ,the guest corridors , restaurants , guestrooms and so on.
• Floors are subjected to more wear and tear than any other surface in hotels.
• The type of flooring chosen is thus an important consideration for housekeeping, as it affects the
drawing up cleaning and maintenance schedules.
• These floorings are generally expensive and take lot of money and effort to fix them and maintain
them and most of money in hotels is spent on maintaining floors.
• The floor is fixed with taking lot of things into consideration and with the consent of an interior
designer.
INTRODUCTION

• Floor covering is a term to generally describe any finish material applied over a floor structure to
provide a walking surface.
• Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the work of installing such
a floor covering. Both terms are used interchangeably but floor covering refers more to loose-laid
materials.
• Materials almost always classified as floor covering include carpet, area rugs, and resilient
flooring such as linoleum or vinyl flooring.
• Materials commonly called flooring include wood flooring, laminated wood, ceramic tile, stone,
terrazzo, and various seamless chemical floor coatings.
 HISTORY OF FLOOR COVERING
• Fully carpeted floors seem like a relic of the past, specifically the '70s, when shag flooring ruled the roost. But carpet actually dates much,
much farther back.
• The first carpets were actually created thousands of years ago. 5000 B.C. to be exact. And although the woven fabrics were primarily
used as wall or table coverings until the rise of the Persian rug in the 17th-century, they are still one of the oldest flooring options still used
today, according to Discount Flooring Depot.
• The English flooring store took a look back at the history of floors, starting with the oldest known option, the natural ground beneath our
feet, and worked forward throughout history. And it turns out carpet isn't the only flooring style that dates back farther than we ever thought.
• Tile floors are also an ancient relic, with the first instance of ceramic tiles being some time around 4000 B.C. The style became truly
popular though in the 12th century, when monks began using tiles to create patterns on cathedral floors. Today, tiles can be found in almost
any room, but are a particularly popular choice in utility rooms like bathrooms and kitchens.
• One of the most beloved floor choices today is of course, hardwood floors.
• While the sleek style of hardwood first showed up as long ago as 1600 A.D., it wasn't until the Baroque era that people began
finishing wood floors and using more elegant types of trees to create them.
 • The flooring is an important part of any interior design,
which is why whenever an architect or an interior
designer is working on the blueprints of any building,
whether a resident, a commercial or an industrial
building, the flooring is one of the major aspects that he
will have to specify.
• It has to be beautiful and add a sense of personality to

IMPORTANCE
the space and it is also very practical so it can meet the
demands of the customer.
• For instance, for residential buildings, the beauty and
elegance are the main aspects, on the other hand, for
industrial buildings, the wear resistance and the
functionality is the main priority.
• Nonetheless, the cost effectiveness of the flooring is
also one of the main aspects of flooring to everyone.
• Due to the importance of the flooring, you should take
an extra amount of time when making that decision so
you can pick the best solution that is durable, cost
effective and beautiful.
One of the most significant elements of Interior Designing is
Flooring. The importance is such that it can make or break
your space with ease. It has a major impact on the overall
Interior Design and adds to its effectiveness. If the flooring is
impractical or wrong, the overall design may not function to its
potential. Basically, the foundation of your design depends on
how well you execute the flooring.

• Scale:- The room size and the flooring size should be

proportional in order to maintain a solid balance. The size of
the pattern has a significant impact on the room size as it has
the ability to make the room look smaller or bigger. Making
use of smaller patterns can help the room look larger.

• Form & Pattern:- Patterns in flooring refer to the decorative

art that is present on the surface of the flooring whereas
IMPORTANCE
form refers to the flooring material’s shapes like rectangle,
square etc. They are very closely associated with the
materials of flooring as they signify their style.

• Texture:- Generally, the flooring materials have several

concerns and the texture plays such a critical role due to the
impact it has on the room’s ambience. To bring in a formal
effect to a room, the flooring material can be delicate and
glazed whereas a rough and uneven texture can give a
natural appearance. You also need to understand that texture
affects safety as slippery surfaces can be dangerous while
roughened surfaces help to prevent slippery on wet surfaces.
 • The Right Design:- Flooring has a major impact on the
appearance and feeling of a room either as a neutral setting or
as the dominant feature. Comfort becomes a key factor here as
flooring has a direct impact on it. Basically, Interior Design is a
composition of attractive elements that display a beautiful
living space.

• Principles:- One of the most powerful elements in design is

color. The effect of colors has a major impact on our moods and

IMPORTANCE
can trigger our feelings. Generally, lighter colors help in
augmenting the size of the space whereas darker colors make
the room look smaller. A floor design is a composition of
patterns, scale work, colors and texture. They form to become
one element that dominates the space.

• Flooring Styles:- The flooring styles in Interior Design are

generally divided into two components such as the formal and
informal styles.
Informal Style – They represent neutral form,
asymmetrical patterns and curves.

Formal Style – They represent symmetrical pattern

straight lines, geometrical figures and angles.
 • Carpet
• Stone
• Hardwood flooring
• Travertine flooring
TYPES OF • Concrete
• Laminates

FLOOR • Vinyl
• Terrazzo
• Vitreous/Ceramic Flooring
COVERING • Glazed ceramic tiles/Clay tiles
• Quarry tiles
• Mosaic
• Brick
• Terracotta tiles
• Pavers
• Resin flooring
And etc.
STONE FLOORING
GRANITE FLOORING
This is good choose of flooring for natural
appearance and an almost indefinite life
MARBLE FLOORING
they are very heavy and should be laid on
solid concrete sub floors they are resistant
to wear and tear, water , indentation and to
most of the cleaning chemicals.
The various types of stones used are:- LIMESTONE
Marble
Slate QUARTZITE FLOORING
Quartzite
Sandstone , limestone and granite

SLATE FLOORING SANDSTONE

 STONE FLOORING- MARBLE
• This is the best know of all the stone floorings and is
available in wide range of colors and textures .
• Marble is primarily crystallized limestone.
• It may have a banded(serpentine ) pattern or may be mottled.
• Marble is durable, but lighter colors yellow with age.
• Honed marble recommended for commercial floors.
• It gives a satin finish with little or no gloss.
• Sandblasted marble or abrasive finished marble has a matte
effect and is suitable for exterior use.
• Travertine marble is cheaper and is characterized by small
cavities on the surface , which offer greater slip resistance;
but at the same time , these allow dust to settle .
• Marble stains easily on coming in contact with ferrous metals
and oils.
STONE FLOORING- SLATE
• This is a hard impervious stone that may be given a
polished, riven surface.

• Slate tiles and slate slabs are suitable for exterior and

interior applications such as wall-cladding,
roofing, flooring, hearths, fireplaces, kitchen,
landscaping, driveways, pools, etc.

• Slate flooring provides an extremely unique look, but it

is a fairly high-maintenance flooring when compared to
the most popular natural stone, granite tiles.
STONE FLOORING- QUARTZITE
• Quartz flooring is an all natural flooring solution comprised of a combination
of quartz sand and calcium carbonate.
• As one of the naturally hardest materials on Earth, Quartz is a
perfect flooring solution for commercial spaces that receive heavy amounts
of foot traffic and daily wear and tear. 
• Quartzite is a very hard metamorphic rock that originated as sandstone.
• Through a process of high heating and pressurization, sandstone is
transformed into Quartzite which is an extremely hard and durable natural
stone. 
• Quartzite tiles often have a wondrous sparkling texture as
individual quartz pieces recrystallize in high heat.
• Its incredible strength makes it ideal for flooring applications. 
• Quartzite tiles is easy to maintain and are an environmentally
conscious flooring option.
•  Quartzite flooring is extremely durable and beautiful.
• It’s also expensive, but worth having in high-traffic areas and where
appearances matter most. 
• Quartzite flooring tiles are mostly used to fit a contemporary and modern
décor for houses and offices, but the timeless look of a natural stone
tile flooring is unquestionable.
HARDWOOD FLOORING
• These flooring materials are sleek and made from best quality wood
materials.
• These hardwoods are superior in quality and very sleek in design
too.
• They are acquired from best and unique vendors of the market.
• The whole array of this flooring is very cost effective and sleek.
• This Hardwood Flooring is marvelously designed and imparts
aesthetic value in residential and commercial sectors. 
• Teak is quickly becoming a very popular type of hardwood flooring.
• The exotic wood is most notable for its durability.
• It’s one of the hardest, strongest woods out there.
• Install it in the highest traffic area of your home, throw in multiple
kids and pets, and it will still stand the test of time.
• Hardwood flooring is both beautiful and durable.
• The natural beauty and warmth of wood is incorporated in this
flooring, with colors and textures depending on the type of flooring
used.
• Hardwood flooring can be sensitive to moisture though, too much
will cause warping or discoloration.
• A great feature about hardwood is it can be refinished over and over
to increase its lifespan.
 Click icon to add picture

• Step-1: Preparation Of Floor- Make sure that your surface is clean from nails, debris and any
type of dust. Take special care that there is no any harmful material rest on surface which may
hold moisture and after cleaning the surface make sure that floor is dried before continuing
installation.

HARDWOOD
• Step-2: Roll Out Tar Paper- Roll out sheets of Tar paper on the clean surface to the floor. The tar
paper will form a moisture barrier, which will prevent new wooden flooring from being damaged
and prevent rotting from inside.

INSTALLATION • Step-3: Intermix The Wooden Panels To Avoid Color Variation- In wooden flooring there is big
risk of Colour variation. So while installing wooden planks, open lot of wooden flooring boxes
and intermix the planks with each other so the change in colour variation will not be recognisable
or place wooden planks in such a manner that colour variation of wooden planks are consistently
distributed across space. After these process Installation of wooden planks is takes place.

• Step-4: Installation Of Wooden Flooring- There is mainly four methods of wooden flooring
installation.

• Nail Down – In this process nails are used to fasten the wood to subfloor. This is most old
techniques of wooden flooring installation.

• Staple Down – In this process staples are used instead of nails to settle down wood to subfloor.
This is simpler process than Nail Down.

• Glue Down – In this process wooden planks are glued down to the subfloor. The wooden plank is
adhered to subfloor with very strong Adhesive.

• Floating – Floating is fastest and most simple process of wooden flooring.In this process wooden
planks are not attached to subsurface but wooden planks are attached together with adhesive.
 CERAMIC TILES
Ceramic tiles are made from a mixture of clay and shale that are baked
and hardened in a kiln. Ceramic tiles come in a variety of shapes, colors,
sizes and textures and you can mix and match these to create a floor
with custom patterns. Ceramic tiles come in four different types which
are glazed, porcelain, terracotta, and quarry tile.

– Glazed tile has a coating similar to glass, with a virtually unlimited

amount of colors and types to choose from.
– Porcelain tiles is often used in exterior application due to its durability.
It can be purchased glazed or unglazed. You can get more information
about porcelain vs ceramic tile here.
– Terracotta tile is an unglazed tile with a rustic charm. However, being
unglazed terracotta needs to be sealed to prevent staining.
– Quarry tile is an unglazed ceramic usually with a reddish-brown color
that has better slip resistance than glazed tiles.
 TRAVERTINE FLOORING
• Travertine is a type of limestone that forms around hot
springs.
• Minerals dissolve and reform in layers to create travertine.
• There are different colors according to which minerals are
present. Some color variations are ivory, beige, reddish
brown and gold.
• Travertine is easy to cut into many custom shapes.
• Travertine has been used as a building material since Roman
times.
• Even the world famous Roman Colosseum is constructed
almost entirely of travertine.
• Often used for patios and garden paths it is also used
extensively in modern architecture.
• Common uses inside include travertine showers, façades,
back splashes, wall cladding, and flooring.
 VINYL FLOORING
• Vinyl flooring is a 100-percent synthetic material.
• In standard sheet vinyl and vinyl tiles, the base layer is usually
fiberglass which is then coated in PVC vinyl and a plasticizer.
• The resulting sheet is printed and embossed with a surface print
layer.
• Over this, multiple wear layers are applied, along with a layer of no-
wax polyurethane.
• Vinyl flooring is flexible and slightly soft underfoot – this is because
under it is backed by a layer of felt of foam.
• Despite how they feel though, they are very tough and durable as
they have a wear layer on the upper surface that is stain and scratch-
resistant.
• Vinyl is maintenance-free and can come in a variety of colors and
patterns.
• Some vinyl can closely resemble the look of wood or stone to give
you the appearance you want.
 CARPET FLOORING
• Carpet Floor is a soft floor covering made of bound carpet fibers or stapled
fibers, typically consisting of an upper layer of pile attached to a backing.
• Carpeting refers to wall-to-wall coverage, which is typically used indoors and
can be used in both high and low traffic areas, it typically lasts for 15-18 years
before it needs to be replaced.
• The pile was traditionally made from wool, but since the 20th century,
synthetic fibers such as polypropylene, nylon or polyester are often used, as
these fibers are less expensive than wool.
• Carpet is a type of flooring that is made from woven fiber, and comes in a
variety of styles, patterns, and colors.
• Due to its cushioned surface, carpet absorbs sound, adds additional warmth,
and offers you a non-slip surface.
• Not only is carpet one of the most affordable flooring products, but most are
treated with static, stain, and soil resistant treatments, making them incredibly
easy to clean and maintain.
• Carpet offers amazing softness and beauty to a room.
• There is a wide variety of colors and patterns to choose from.
• Carpet is made in a variety of fibers, each one offering different qualities that
are suited for your space.
 LINOLEUM FLOORING
• Linoleum is considered a very environmentally friendly
flooring choice.
• This material is made of renewable, biodegradable materials
such as linseed oil and cork.
• Mineral pigments are then added to this mix to create a
variety of rich and vibrant colors.
• Linoleum comes in sheets, laminated planks or tiles.
• They are usually either glued in place or install as a floating
floor design.
• It is recommended to purchase linoleum that has a protective
coating to help prevent staining, and scratching.
• While linoleum flooring is durable, it will need to be cleaned
occasionally like other types of flooring.
LAMINATE FLOORING
• Laminate flooring is affordable and looks just like wood, tile or
stone, without the cost, maintenance or wear and tear.
• It’s also scratch resistant, water resistant and the click-lock design
makes it easy to install.
• Laminate floors are a hybrid floor covering consisting of a
particleboard wood base topped by an image layer and a transparent
wear layer.
• Laminate floors are a popular type of floor covering for homes'
living areas, kitchens, dining areas, bedrooms, hallways, and other
areas that are not subject to excessive moisture.
• Laminate floors are sometimes called laminate wood floors, though
they are wood only in two respects.
• First, the laminate floor base consists of pressed chipped wood
particles.
• Second, the top has the appearance of real wood due to the accurate
image layer—essentially a well-rendered photograph of wood
encased in a clear, durable wear layer.
VITRIFIED FLOORING
• Vitrified tiles are similar to ceramic tiles – with the difference that the
clay is mixed with silica, quartz and feldspar before being fired in the
kiln.
• These extra ingredients, when baked at high temperatures, fuse together,
creating a vitreous surface that is glossy and hard.
• The tile gets its name from the process of manufacturing, called
vitrification.
• Vitrified tiles are extremely durable and low on maintenance, making
them ideal for high-traffic areas. That’s why they are used extensively in
commercial areas.
• They are a less expensive alternative to natural stone such as marble and
granite, while offering similar looks and better durability. This makes
them a good choice for residences.
• Vitrified tiles are hard, virtually non-porous and impervious to stains and
scratches, making them ideal indoors as well as outdoors.
• The dye mixed in the clay before it is fired gives the tile a uniform colour
right through, so even if the tile is scratched, the colour will stay the
same.
• They can be used within 48 hours of laying, as they need practically no
setting time or polishing.
• Vitrified tiles are available in large sizes, so the number of joints are
fewer.
MOSAIC TILE FLOORING
• Mosaic tiles can be found in ceramic, porcelain or vitrified material.
• These materials are the most popular options that are perfectly suitable
for walls and floors.
• Porcelain mosaic tiles can also be used in any area of the house, dry or
wet, and perfect for swimming pool cladding.
• The mosaic tiles are durable and are available in different designs and
shapes.
• Mosaic Tiles are one of the most popular and widely used tiles in the
market.
• Their origin can be traced back to the Roman and Greek times.
However, they have evolved with time and are now available in various
different designs and patterns.
• These tiles are used to give a beautiful and original appearance to
houses.
• Mosaic tiles are a classification of tiles that are usually 2 inch (5 cm)
or smaller pieces.
• They can be squares, most commonly found in home improvement
stores, or odd shapes usually purchased in a craft or art store.
 RESIN FLOORING
• Epoxy flooring is a cost-effective, easy-to-maintain resin flooring that’s suitable for a range
of spaces in-particularly commercial, automative and industrial projects.
• The resin itself is manufactured from multiple different chemical compounds, including
epoxy and polyurethane, and is rolled over an existing slab of concrete to achieve a flat,
seamless finish.
• Resin flooring is very easy to maintain and keep hygienic, making it the perfect choice for
high traffic areas. The seamless finish is a popular choice for areas where a high slip
resistance is required, and a go-to for safety flooring.
• Epoxy resin floor is applied at approx. 1mm thick over an existing concrete substrate. There
are different sealers available which means that the resin can be applied both internally and
externally.
• Epoxy Resin Flooring can be installed in a variety of spaces including heavy-duty industrial
spaces, retail, commercial, office and hospitality spaces and is also a popular choice in
residential garages.
• Epoxy Resin Flooring is hardwearing and easy to maintain making it perfect for commercial
and industrial applications.
• Epoxy Resin Flooring installation takes approximately 3-5 days. Our epoxy resin is a 2
component system which is hand mixed, poured and rolled over the floor or stair area.
• The resin flooring is then finished with a high-grade sealer to achieve either a matt, satin or
high gloss look.
• Resin floors are well known for their high-performance in high traffic environments.
 Click icon to add picture

• The first step in laying the epoxy flooring involves preparing the floor surface.

• The floor surface must be prepared to accept the new coat of epoxy coating on its top.

• Foreign materials such as dust particles are removed from the surface.

• It is then followed by grinding, shot blasting, and scarifying to have a course surface for
better bonding with the mother floor.

RESIN FLOORING • Patching and repairing all the major cracks identified on the floor is essential in providing
durability to epoxy flooring.
INSTALLATION • The surface priming coat is applied to the floor. During priming, it must be made sure that
the primer makes its way deep into the floor.

• After applying the primer coat, fill all the visible cracks and holes present on the floor with
epoxy.

• Further, the floor must be lightly ground, sanded, and re-layered.

• The sealant is tested using a significant amount of water applied to the floor. If the water is
not soaked in, then the floor can be applied with an epoxy coating.

• The epoxy hardener is mixed together with an epoxy resin and applied over the floor surface
in multiple layers in the final stage.

• After application, the epoxy floor is cured at the required temperature.

• The curing process is initiated only when the epoxy begins a reaction with another curing
agent.
TERRACOTTA FLOORING
• Terracotta tiles are highly durable, scratch-resistant and can last a
lifetime (if properly maintained).
• The floor tiles need to be sealed with penetrating sealants and the joints
between the tiles should be filled with cement grout.
• Terracotta tiles are available in different shapes other than square to
match house designs.
• Smart designers also used granite or marble pieces to break monotony
in terracotta flooring and also to make floor looks ornated.
• The beauty and elegance of terracotta flooring improves considerably,
if maintained properly.
• The biggest advantage of terracotta floors is their toughness.
• These floors can last for ages when they are manufactured and installed
in keeping with quality standards.
• Several ancient sculptures and structures are proof of this long lasting
quality of terracotta.
• Most terracotta flooring is available in earthy shades of red and brown.
• This reflects the natural color of the material, which is well liked for its
earthiness and beauty.
• Terracotta flooring provides an old-worldly feel and ambiance to a
home.
CONCRETE FLOORING
• Concrete is the most basic flooring material.
• Generally, it is just the surface of the slab that is poured directly onto
the gravel or dirt bed in order to install the foundation of a building.
• Strong, durable, and extremely long lasting, it has also developed a
reputation for being austere, utilitarian, and course underfoot.
• Concrete floors can be polished smooth, or textured to provide traction.
• They can also be painted or stained with a variety of techniques that
allow you to replicate the look of natural materials, or embed the floor
with complex printed designs.
• Concrete is a composite material, consisting mainly of Portland
cement, water and aggregate (gravel, sand or rock).
• When these materials are mixed together, they form a workable paste
which then gradually hardens over time.
• It is an important construction material used extensively in buildings,
bridges, roads and dams.
• Its uses range from structural applications, to paviours, kerbs, pipes and
drains.
Thank You