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Why we always see the bubbles in
the cheese ?

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Welcome to Bahria Town School and College
E-Learning Program

Chapter # 11 Microbes and

Disease
Class pre-O
Teacher Sir Ahmed Ayaz
Division of the
chapter
It can be divided into four sub topics:

1. Useful microbes
2. Harmful microbes
3. how diseases spread
4. defense against disease
Important
definitions
 Microorganisms
The word ‘microbes’ is short for microorganism. These are
very tiny living things that can only be seen with a
microscope.

There are millions and millions of them in the air around

us, in the soil, in water, and in our bodies.
 Types of microbes
There are main types of microbes included in your
syllabus:

1. Bacteria

2. Viruses

3. microscopic fungi
 Bacteria

Bacteria are very small living cells with no nucleus. They

come in various shapes and sizes. The information needed
to control the cell is carried on a single thread of DNA.
Bacteria reproduce very quickly about once every 20
minutes.

let’s watch an interesting video

 Viruses

Viruses are much simpler than bacteria. They are also about
100 times smaller than bacteria so they cannot be seen
under an ordinary microscope. Viruses are not cells, they are
just a protein shell with some DNA inside. They can only
reproduce inside other living cells. They take over a cell and
make it produce more viruses.

let’s watch a video for better understanding.

 Microscopic fungi

Fungi are a group of living organisms which are classified in

their own kingdom. This means they are not animals, plants,
or bacteria.
 Microscopic fungi
Yeast

Moulds
Yeast cells
Yeast cells seen under a microscopic look like tiny balls.
they reproduce by growing ‘buds’ on the side. when the
buds are big enough they drop off.
Moulds grow in warm and damp places.They are made up of
lots of thin threads which grow over and inside the food.
moulds feed on dead things. They reproduce by releasing
spores(reproductive particle) into the air.
 Useful microbes
Many microbes feed on the remains of dead animal and
plants. They produce enzymes which decompose the food
into liquid on which they then feed.

For better understanding we need to understand two

important terms:

1. Decomposers
2. biodegradables
 Decomposers

Microbes which make things rot are called decomposers.

They are important because they get rid of dead animals and
plants and turn them into useful chemicals in the soil.
What is coming in your mind by wachting it ?
 Biodegradable

Decomposers are very useful in sewage works where they

break down human waste, and in compost heaps, where they
breakdown waste plant material. materials that can be
decomposed are called biodegradable
Sewage works
Sewage consists of urine and feaces from our bodies,
water from washing and some industrial wastes. it also
contains some harmful microbes that could spread
disease. these things must be removed from sewage so
that the water leaving the sewage works is safe.
Making compost
Every year we through away thousands of tonnes of household and
garden waste. Over half of this could turned into compost.

A compost heap is simply an environment where decomposition is

speeded up. to encourage a strong population of decomposer
microbes they must have the right conditions.

Turning the compost regularly makes sure that all the compost gets
enough air and says at an even temperature.
 A lid to keep rain out and
heat in

Compost bin

Air holes to let air get

into the heap

An open bottom to allow

microorganisms from the
soil to get into the heap
Why we always see the bubbles in
the cheese ?
Milk contains microbes which make it go sour and lumpy. The lumps
are called curds(the solid substance that forms when milk turns
sour). Curds can be changed into cheese by adding different
microbes.

The bubbles in this cheese are made by bacteria as the

respire. It means bacteria are useful in this way to us.
Yoghurt an example of
useful bacteria.
Milk is boiled to kill off any unwanted microbes. Curd which
contains bacteria is then added, which release enzymes that make
the milk go thick and slightly sour. Flavouring can be added to
yoghurt to change the taste.

yeast basically feeds on sugar. it is able to respire without oxygen.

This is called Fermentation.

There are two waste products from fermentation:

● Carbon Dioxide
● Alcohol

It is used for baking and brewing(the activity or business of

producing beer).
Baking
Baking is another example of useful microbes.

Bakers add yeast to Dough. Yeast feeds on the sugars in the

dough and produces bubbles of carbon dioxide which make the
dough swell.

During baking, the yeast is killed and fermentation stops.