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Hubungan
Antargagasan - I
 MENGGUNAKAN
KONJUNGSI
FR
FABRIKAM RESIDENCES
BERPASANGAN: BOTH...
AND; NOT ONLY... BUT
ALSO; EITHER... OR;
NEITHER... NOR

a) Both my mother and sister are here.
b) Not only my mother but also my sister is
here.
c) Not only my sister but also my parents are
here.
d) Neither my mother nor my sister is here
e) Neither my sister nor my parents are here.
f. The research project will take both time and
money.
g. Yesterday is not only rained but (also)
snowed.
h. I’ll take either chemistry or physics next
quarter.
i. That book is neither interesting nor accurate
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FR
Two subjects connected by both... And take a
plural verb.
When two subjects are connected by not only...
But also, either... Or or neither... Nor, the
subjects thatis closer to the verb determines
whether the verb is singular or plural.
Notice the parallel structure in the ecamples.
The same grammatical form should follow each
word of the pair.
In (f) : both + noun + and + noun
In (g) : not only + verb + but also + verb
In (h) : either + noun + or + noun
In (i) : neither + adjective + nor + adjective
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 FR
LATIHAN:
Jawablah pertanyaan. Gunakan konjungsi berpasangan
1. You have met his mother. Have you met his brother?
Yes, i have met both his father and mother.

Use both... And.

1. the driver was injured in the accident. was the passenger injured in the
accident?
2. Wheat is grown in Kansas. Is corn grown in Kansas?
3. You had a lunch with your friends. Did you have dinner with them?
4. The city suffers from air pollution. Does it suffer from water pollution?

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 FR
LATIHAN:
Jawablah pertanyaan. Gunakan konjungsi berpasangan

Use not only... But also

1. I know his cousin is living with him. Is his mother-in-law living with
him too?
2. I know your country has good Universities. Does the United States
have good universities too?
3. I know she goes to school. does she have a full-time job too?
4. I know he bought a coat. Did he buy a new pair of shoes too?

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 FR
LATIHAN:
Jawablah pertanyaan. Gunakan konjungsi berpasangan

Use either...or
1. John has your book, or Mary has your book. is that right?
Yes. Either John or Mary has my book.

1. you're going to give your friend a book for her birthday, or you're going to give her a
pen. Is that right?
2. your sister will meet you at the airport or your brother will meet you there. Is that
right?
3. you're going to vote for mr. Smith or you're going to vote for Mr. Jones. Is that right?
4. you will go to New Orleans for your vacation or you will go to Miami. Is that right?

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 FR
LATIHAN:
Jawablah pertanyaan. Gunakan konjungsi berpasangan
Use neither...nor
1. He doesn’t like coffee. Does he like tea?
 No, he likes neither coffee nor tea.

2. her husband doesn't speak English. do her children speak English?

3. The students aren't wide awake today. Is the teacher wide awake
today?
4. They don’t have refrigerator in their new apartment. Do they have a
stove?
5. She doesn’t enjoy hunting. Does she enjoy fishing?
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 FR
FABRIKAM RESIDENCES
MENGGUNAKAN PREPOSISI
UNTUK MEMPERLIHATKAN
SEBAB DAN AKIBAT:
BECAUSE OF DAN DUE TO.

a) Because the weather was cold, we stayed at
home.
b) Because of the cold weather, we stayed at
home
c) Due to the cold weather, we stayed at home.
d. Due to the fact that the weather was cold,
we stayed at home.
e. We stayed at home because of the cold
weather.
We stayed at home due to the cold weather
We stayed at home due to the fact that the
weather was cold
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FR
Because introduces an adverb clause; it is
followed by a subject and a verb.
Because of and due to are prepositions; they are
followed by a noun object.
Sometimes, usually in more formal writing, due
to is followed by a noun clause introduced by
the fact that.
Like adverb clauses, these phrases can also
follow the main clause, as in (e).
 FR
LATIHAN:
Dengan
1. gagasan
(my parents di dalam
are generous) because ofkurung. Lengkapilah
my parent’s generiosity kalimat dichildren
all of the bawah ini:
in our family
has received the best of everything.
2. (the traffic was heavy) were were late to the meeting due to ___________________________________
3. (Bill's wife is ill) bill has to do all of the cooking and cleaning because of
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. (dr. Robinson has done excellent research on wolves) Due to
______________________________________________________ we know much more today about the
endangered specious that we did even five years ago.
5. (it was noisy in the next apartment) I couldn't get to sleep last night because of
____________________________________________________________________________________
6. (circumstances are beyond my control) Due to _______________________________________________
I regret to say that I cannot be present at your daughter's wedding

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 FR
FABRIKAM RESIDENCES
MENGGUNAKAN TRANSISI
UNTUK MEMPERLIHATKAN
SEBAB DAN AKIBAT: THEREFORE
DAN CONSEQUENTLY.

a) Al failed the test because he didn’t study
b) Al didn’t study. Therefore, he failed the test.
c) Al didn’t study. Consequently, he failed the test.
d. Al didn’t study. Therefore, he failed the test.
e. Al didn’t study. He, therefore, failed the test.
f. Al didn’t study. He failed the test, therefore.
POSITIONS OF A TRANSITIONS:
Transitions + S + V (+ rest of sentence)
S + V (+ rest of sentence) + transitions
g. Al didn’t study, so he failed the test.
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FR
(a), (b), and (c) have the same meaning. Therefore and
consequently mean ‘as a result’. In grammar, theya re
called transitions (or conjunctive adverb). Transitions
connect the ideas between two sentences.
A transitions occurs in the second of two related
sentences. Notice the patterns and punctuation in the
examples. A period (NOT a comma) is used at the end
of the first sentence. The transitions has several
possible positions in the second sentence. The
transitions is set off from the rest of the sentece by
commas.
COMPARE: A transitions (e.g., therefore) has different
possible positions within the second sentence of a
pair. A conjunction (e.g.,so) has only one possible
positions: between the two sentences. So cannot
move arund in the second sentence as therefore can.
 LATIHAN FR
Nyatakan ulang kalimat berikut ini dengan transisi yang diberikan.
Gunakan tiga alternatif untuk transisi tersebut.

1. the children stayed home because a storm was approaching (use

therefore)
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. I didn’t have my umbrella, so i got wet (use consequently)
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
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 FR
LATIHAN:
Lengkapi Kalimat di bawah ini:

1. This box was to heavy that i can’t lift it

2. That car is so
expensive____________________________________
3. The coffee was so hot_____________________________________
4. It is so dark in here _____________________________________

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 FR
FABRIKAM RESIDENCES
CARA LAIN MENYATAKAN
SEBAB DAN AKIBAT: SUCH...
THAT DAN SO... THAT.
 FR
a) Because the weather was nice, we went to the zoo. Examples (a), (b) and (c) have the
b) It was such a nice weather that we went to the zoo. same meaning.
c) The weather was so nice that we went to the zoo.
d) It was such a good coffee that i had another cup. Such... That encloses a modified
e) It was such a foggy day that we couldn’t see the road. noun:
Such + adjective + noun + that
f. The coffee is hot that i can’t drink it. so... That encloses an adjective or
g. I’m so hungry that i could eat a horse. adverb:
So +
h) She speaks so fast that i can’t understand her.
i) He waled so quickly that i couldn’t keep up with him.
j) She had so many mistakes that she failed the exam So... That is used with many, few,
k) He has so few friends that he is always lonely. much, and little.
l) She has so much money that she can buy whatever she wants.
m) He had so little trouble with the test that he left twenty minutes
early.
n. It was such a good book (that) i couldn’t put it down. Sometimes, primarily in speaking,
o. I was so hungry (that) I didn’t wait for dinner to eat something. that is omitted.

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 FR
LATIHAN:
Kombinasikan kalimat dibawah ini dengan so...that atau such...that.
1. The tea is good I think I’ll have another cup.
This tea is so good that i think i’ll have another cup.

1. the car was expensive. we couldn't afford it

2. it was an expensive car we couldn't afford to buy it.
3. the weather was hot. you could fry an egg on the sidewalk.
4. I have to wear my wool coat. it was a cold day.
5. I don't feel like going to class. we're having a beautiful weather
6. Grandpa hugged me tightly when he hugged me. I couldn’t breathe for a moment.
7. I couldn't understand her. she talked too fast.
8. The audience booed the actors. it was a bad performance.
9. I've met too many people in the last few days. I can’t possibly remember all of their
names.
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 MENYATAKAN TUJUAN:
MENGGUNAKAN SO
FR
FABRIKAM RESIDENCES
THAT

a) I turned off the TV in order to enable my
roommate to study in peace and quiet.
b) I turned off the TV so (that) roommate could study
in peace and quiet.
SO THAT + CAN or COULD
c) I’m going to cash a check so that i can buy my
textbooks.
d) I cashed a check so that i could buy my textbooks.
SO THAT + WILL/SIMPLE PRESENT or WOULD
e) I’ll take my umbrella so that won’t get wet.
f) I’ll take my umbrella so that i don’t get wet.
g) Yesterday i took my umbrella so that i wouldn’t
get wet.
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FR
In order to expresses purpose. In (a): I turned off the
TV for a purpose. The purpose was to make it possible
for my roommate to study in peace and quiet.
So that also expresses purpose. It expresses the same
meaning as in order to. The word “that” is often
omitted, especially in speaking.
So that is often used instead of in order to when the
idea of ability is being expresed. Can is used in the
adverb clause for a present/future meaning. In (c): so
that i can buy = in order to be able to buy.
Could is used after so that in past sentences.
In (e): so that i won’t get wet = in order to make sure
that i won’t get wet
In (f): it is something possible to use the simple
present after so that in place of will; the simple
present expresses a future meaning.
Would is used in past sentences.
 FR
LATIHAN :
Kombinasikan gagasan dengan so (that)
1. Please turn down the radio. I want to be able to get to sleep.
Please turn down the radio so that i can get to sleep.

1. please be quiet. I want to be able to hear what Sharon is saying.

2. I'm going to cash a check. I want to make sure that I will have (OR have) enough money to go to
the market.
3. Ann and Larry have a six-year-old child. Tonight they're going to hire a babysitter. They want to be
able to go out with some friends.
4. be sure to put the meat in the oven at 5:00. You want to be sure that it will be ready to eat by 6:30
5. I'm going to leave the party early. I want to be able to get a good night’s sleep tonight.
6. when it started to rain, Harry opened his umbrella. He wanted to be sure that he didn't get wet.
7. it is a good idea for you to learn how to type. You’ll be able to start your own papers when you go
to the university
8. The little boy pretended to be sick. He wanted to stay home from school.

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 MENGGUNAKAN
FR UPON + -ING DALAM
FRASA PEMODIFIKASI
FABRIKAM RESIDENCES

a) Upon reaching the age of 21, i
received my inheritance
b) When i reached the age of 21, i
received my inheritance.
c) On reaching the age of 21, I received
my inheritance.
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FR
Modifying phrases beginning with upon
+ -ing usually have the same meaning as
adverb clauses introduced by when. (a)
dan (b) have the same meaning.
Upon can be shortened to on. (a), (b)
and (c) all have the same meaning.
 FR
LATIHAN:
Buatlah kalimat dengan upon + -ing
1. when Tom saw his wife and child get off the airplane, he broke into a big smile
upon seeing his wife and child get off the airplane, Tom broke into a big smile.

2. when Tina crossed the marathon Finish Line, she fell in exhaustion.
3. when I look in my wallet, I discovered I didn't have enough money to pay my
restaurant bill.
4. I bowed my head when I met the king
5. When Sam re-read with the figures, he found that he had made a mistake.
6. when I got an appraisal for my coin collection, I was surprised how it has
increased in value
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THANK YOU.