Astronomy

August 2022
Astronomy
Astron and Nemien

Stars, Planets, comets,

nebulae, galaxies…
Prehistoric < 500 BC

Classical 500 BC – 1400 AD

Renaissance 1400 – 1650

Modern 1650 – present

Planetary
Solar
Stellar
Galactic Types of Astronomy
Cosmology
Astro chemistry
Astrophysics
Observational …
WHY?
Safety
Future resource
to know more

What came of it?

Technology dev.
Int. Cooperation
Measurement in space
Diameter of the Earth – Eratosthenes – 7.2°- Alexandria to Syene.
Spherical Earth – Aristotle and Pythagoras

Greek philosophers
Measurement in space
Diameter of the moon
Measurement in space
Diameter of the moon
Measurement in space
Distance to the sun
Measurement in space
Distance to the Moon
Measurement in space
Dimeter of the Sun
Measurement in space
1 light year is the distance light covers in a year

A light year is 9.6 trillion kilometer

Measurement in space
Trigonometric Parallax

1 degree = 60 arch minutes 1 parsec = 1 arch second = 1/3600 of a degree

1 arch minute = 60 arch seconds Distance in parsec = 1/parallax in seconds
1 degree = 3600 arch seconds
Measurement in space
Spectroscopic Parallax
Naked-Eye Observation
Light emitting objects
Light reflecting objects
The Moon
Earth’s own satellite has recently
Deposited dark And older light spots
Stars
Twinkling and not twinkling

Jupiter
Betelgeuse
Fuzzy lights and comets

The tail

Orion Nebula A Comet

Meteors

Bolide
In Russia A Meteor
Constellations
Instrument aided Observation
TELESCOPES
Greek word tele = 'far' and skopein = 'to look or
see'; which means far-seeing'
History: Refracting telescope

Hans Lippershey Galileo Galilei

History: Reflecting telescope

Isaac Newton
Types based on spectrum
Gamma ray
X-ray
UV
Optical/visible
Infrared
Microwave
Radio
Types based on Location
Ground

Space

Flying
Why location matters
Ground based telescopes
Radio Telescope

FAST
Location: Guizhou, China
Diameter: 500 m

VLA
Location: USA, New Mexico
Dish size: 25 meters
Number of antennas: 28
Space based telescopes
Flying telescope
Stratospheric
Observatory
For
Infrared
Astronomy
Special detectors

neutrino detector

Gravitational wave observatory

Naked eye observation
Keeping track of the stars
● Constellations
Celestial Sphere
Celestial Sphere
● The ecliptic plane is not the same as the
plane of the Earth’s equator, due to the 231⁄2°
tilt of the Earth’s rotation axis
Coordinate systems
● Horizontal Systems
● Equatorial Systems
● Ecliptic system
● Galactic System
Horizontal Systems

● The horizontal, or altitude-
azimuth, system is based on the
position of the observer on
Earth, which revolves around its
own axis once per sidereal
day (23 hours, 56 minutes and
4.091 seconds) in relation to the
star background.
Equatorial Systems

● The equatorial coordinate system is
centered at Earth's center, but fixed
relative to the celestial poles and
the vernal equinox.
● The equatorial system is the normal
coordinate system for most
professional and many amateur
astronomers having an equatorial
mount that follows the movement of
the sky during the night.
Astronomical angles
Astronomical angles
● 1° = 60 arcmin = 60'
● 1' = 60 arcsec = 60''
Small-angle formula
● Mathematically, 206,265 is equal to the
number of arcseconds in a complete circle
(that is, 360°) divided by the number 2π
Optics – Lens
Optics - Mirrors
Parts of an optical telescope
Types of optical telescope
Refracting telescopes
Reflecting (Newtonian) telescopes
Dobsonian telescopes
Catadioptric Telescopes
Types of telescopic mount
Equatorial Mount AltAzimuth mount
The eyepiece
Large diameter eyepiece give large field of view.
Smaller diameter eyepiece magnify more, but with small field of view
Magnification power of a telescope
Why do we need a large diameter telescope?
Light collecting power
Large-diameter lens
captures more light,
produces brighter images,
and allows astronomers to
detect fainter objects.
Angular resolution of a telescope
We want the resolution of a telescope to be smaller.
Camera [CCD or CMOS]
CCD (charge-coupled device) cameras
are suited for long-exposure
astrophotography
CMOS sensors perform better
with shorter exposures and
come as either actively or
‘passively’ cooled.
Camera [CCD or CMOS]
Spectrograph
Using the spectrum we can tell the building blocks of heavenly bodies.
Radio Observation
Images we have taken
Images we have taken
Softwares
THANK YOU
Any Question?