Chapter 5 Gases

Chapter 5
Gases
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Chapter Outline
5.1 Substances That Exist as Gases 5.5 Gas Stoichiometry
5.2 Pressure of a Gas 5.6 Dalton’s Law of Partial

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Pressures
5.3 The Gas Laws 5.7 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of

Gases
5.4 The Ideal Gas Equation 5.7 Deviation from Ideal Behavior
5.1
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Substances That
Exist as Gases
Review
• Physical properties of gases
Indefinite Volume
Intermolecular forces
Indefinite Shape
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The forces of attraction between

Compressible gas molecules are very small.
The space between molecules is large.
Each molecule moves freely and essentially independently of other molecules.
Expands when heated

Review
• Gas and Vapor
Gas: is used for substances like oxygen that exist in the gaseous
state at room temperature.
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Vapor: describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a

liquid or solid at room temperature, like water vapor.
5.2
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Pressure of a Gas
SI unit of pressure ( 压
强）
Force (N)
Pressure: Force applied per unit area. Pressure =
Area (m2 ）
Pascal (Pa): one newton per square meter. 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
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Atmospheric Pressure ( 大气压）
Let’s play a game~

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• The force experienced by any area exposed to Earth’s

atmosphere is equal to the weight of the column of air above
it.
• Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by Earth’s
atmosphere.
Atmospheric Pressure
Province City (hPa)
Winter Summer
Beijing Miyun 1018 996.9
Beijing Beijing 1020.4 998.6
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Shanxi Datong 899.2 888.6
Shanxi Taiyuan 932.9 919.2

Xizang Naqu 584 580
Xizang Rikeze 651 638.3
• The actual value of atmospheric pressure depends on location, temperature,

and weather conditions.
• How is atmospheric pressure measured?
Vacuum • Mercury is liquid at room temperature.

Barometer • Mercury has a very high density (13.6 g/mL) compared
with most other liquids.
Mercury ibaotu.com
• The weight of the mercury remaining in the tube is

supported by atmospheric pressure acting on the surface
of mercury in the dish.
• Standard atmospheric pressure (1atm) is equal to the

pressure that supports a column of mercury exactly
760mm high at 0℃ at sea level.
1 atm = 760mmHg = 101325Pa = 101.325KPa

1mmHg = 1 torr
• How is the pressure of other gases measured??

closed-tube open-tube
manometer manometer
Manometer
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Practice
1. A flask containing helium gas is connected to an open-ended mercury manometer. The open end is exposed to
the atmosphere, where the prevailing pressure is 752 torr. The mercury level in the open arm is 26 mm above that
in the arm connected to the flask of helium. What is the helium pressure, in torr?
D
A) –26 torr B) 26 torr C) 726 torr D) 778 torr E) none of the above
2.A flask containing argon gas is connected to a closed-ended mercury manometer. The closed end is under
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vacuum. If the mercury level in the closed arm is 230. mm above that in the arm connected to the flask, what is the
argon pressure, in torr?
A) –230. B) 230. C) 530. D) 790. E) none of the above B
3. The pressure of hydrogen sulfide gas in a container is 35,650 Pa. What is this pressure in torr?
A) 46.91 torr B) 267.4 torr C) 351.8 torr D) 3612 torr E) 27090 torr B
5.3
The Gas Laws

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The gas laws describe the physical behavior

of gases in terms of 4 variables: Boyle’s Law
• pressure (P)
• temperature (T) Charles’s and Gay-Lussac’s Law
• volume (V) Avogadro’s Law
• amount (number of moles, n)
Try to find out the relationship between P, T, n, V.
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/gas-properties/latest/gas-properties_en.html
Boyles’s Law: The relationship between the pressure (P) and volume (V) of a gas. (at constant T and n)
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Charles’s Law: The relationship between the volume (V) and temperature (T) of a gas. (at constant P and n)
Gay-Lussac’s Law : The relationship between the pressure (P) and temperature (T) of a gas. (at constant V and n)
Avogadro’s Law: The relationship between the volume (V) and amount (n) of a gas. (at constant T and P)
Boyle’s Law
Boyles’s Law: The relationship between the pressure (P) and volume (V) of a gas. (at constant T and n)
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P V
Boyles’s Law: the pressure of a fixed amount of gas

at a constant temperature is inversely proportional
to the volume of the gas
Boyle’s Law
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V1 and V2 are the volumes at pressures P1 and P2 , respectively
Practice: A sample of N2 has a volume of 1.5 L at a pressure of 600 torr. Calculate the
volume of the gas if the pressure is changed to 760 torr at a constant temperature.
1.5L*600torr=V2*760torr V2=1.2L
Charles’s and Gay-Lussac’s Law
Charles’s Law: The relationship between the volume (V) and temperature (T) of a gas. (at constant P and n)
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T V
• In 1848 Lord Kelvin identified -

273.15℃ as absolute zero (0K),
theoretically the lowest attainable
temperature.
k2 is the proportionality constant

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Charles’s law: the volume of a fixed amount of gas

maintained at constant pressure is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature of the
gas.
V1 and V2 are the volumes of the gas at temperatures

T1 and T2 (both in kelvins), respectively.
Gay-Lussac’s Law : The relationship between the pressure (P) and temperature (T) of a gas. (at constant V and n)
T P
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P1 and P2 are the pressures of the gas at temperatures T1 and T2, respectively.
Practice: A steel tank used for fuel delivery is fitted with a safety valve that opens when the internal
pressure exceeds 1.00x103 torr. It is filled with methane at 23°C and 0.991 atm and placed in boiling
water at exactly 100°C. Will the safety valve open?
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0.991atm/(23+273.15)K=P2/(100+273.15)K
P2=1.249atm=1.249atm=949.24torr 1000torr
The safety valve will not open.

Avogadro’s Law
Avogadro’s Law: The relationship between the volume (V) and amount (n) of a gas. (at constant T and P)
n V
• at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases

contain the same number of molecules (or atoms if the gas is monatomic).
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• STP, 22.4L/mol
k4 is the proportionality constant
Avogadro’s Law: at constant pressure and temperature, the volume of a gas

is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas present.
Avogadro’s Law
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VH2: VN2=3:1 VNH3: VH2+VN2=2:4=1:2

Avogadro’s Law
Practice: A scale model of a blimp rises when it is filled with helium to a volume of 55.0 dm 3.
When 1.10 mol of He is added to the blimp, the volume is 26.2 dm3. How many more grams of He
must be added to make it rise? Assume constant T and P.
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26.2dm3/1.10mol=55.0dm3/n2
n2=2.31mol
2.31mol-1.10mol=1.20mol 1.20mol =4.80g
4.80grams more He must be added.

Summary-Ideal gas laws
(1) Boyle’s Law P-V (at constant T and n)
(2) Charles’s Law T-V (at constant P and n)

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(3) Gay-Lussac’s Law P-T (at constant V and n)
(4) Avogadro’s Law V-n (at constant T and P)

Summary-Ideal gas laws
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5.4
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The Ideal Gas

Equation
Review
(1) Boyle’s Law P-V (at constant T and n)
(2) Charles’s Law T-V (at constant P and n)

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(3) Gay-Lussac’s Law P-T (at constant V and n)
(4) Avogadro’s Law V-n (at constant T and P) R : gas constant

气体
常数
Ideal Gas Equation
R : gas constant
• An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas whose pressure-volume-temperature behavior can be completely

accounted for by the ideal gas equation.
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• The molecules of an ideal gas do not attract or repel one another.
• The volume of ideal gas molecules is negligible compared with the volume of the container.
Ideal Gas Equation
R : gas constant
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≈
Ideal Gas Equation
R=
(1) (3) Molar Mass
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m: mass (g) M: molar mass (g/mol)
d: density (g/L)
5.6
Dalton’s Law of
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Partial Pressures
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
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n A is the number of moles of A present
n B is the number of moles of B present

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n is the total number of moles of gases present (n=nA+nB)
P A and P B are the partial pressures of gases A and B, respectively
P T depends only on the total number of moles of

gas present, not on the nature of the gas molecules.
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Dalton’s law of partial pressures （道尔顿分压定律） , which states that the total pressure
of a mixture of gases is just the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it were
present alone.
Partial pressures （分压） , that is, the pressures of individual gas components in the
mixture.
P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , . . . are the partial pressures of components 1, 2, 3, . . . .

=?
X A is called the mole fraction( 摩尔分数 ) of A

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The mole fraction is a dimensionless quantity that expresses the

ratio of the number of moles of one component to the number of
moles of all components present.
n i and n T are the number of moles of component i and the total

number of moles present, respectively
Practice
A mixture of gases contains 4.46 moles of neon (Ne), 0.74 mole of argon (Ar), and 2.15 moles of xenon (Xe).
Calculate the partial pressures of the gases of the total pressure is 2.00 atm at a certain temperature.
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If gases are collected over water…
• This method of collecting a gas is based on the assumptions that the gas does not react with
water and that it is not appreciably soluble in it.
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Practice
Oxygen gas generated by the decomposition of potassium chlorate is collected over water. The volume of
oxygen collected at 24℃ and atmospheric pressure of 762 mmHg is 128 mL. Calculate the mass (in grams)
of oxygen gas obtained. The pressure of the water vapor at 24℃ is 22.4 mmHg.
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5.5
Gas
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Stoichiometry
Practice
1. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a colorless, odorless, very unreactive gas. Calculate the pressure (in atm)
exerted by 1.82 moles of the gas in a steel vessel of volume 5.43 L at 69.5℃ 。
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Practice
2. An inflated helium balloon with a volume of 0.55 L at sea level (1.0 atm) is allowed to rise to a height of
6.5km, where the pressure is about 0.40 atm. Assuming that the temperature remains constant, what is the final
volume of the balloon?
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Practice
3. Argon is an inert gas used in lightbulbs to retard the vaporization of the tungsten filament. A certain lightbulb
containing argon at 1.20 atm and 18℃ is heated to 85℃ at constant volume. Calculate its final pressure (in atm).
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Practice
4. A small bubble rises from the bottom of a lake, where the temperature and pressure are 8 ℃ and 6.4 atm, to the
water’s surface, where the temperature is 25℃ and the pressure is 1.0 atm. Calculate the final volume (in mL) of
the bubble if its initial volume was 2.1 mL.
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Practice
5. Calculate the density of carbon dioxide (CO2) in grams per liter (g/L) at 0.990 atm and 55℃.
6. A chemist has synthesized a greenish-yellow gaseous compound of chlorine and oxygen and finds that its
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density is 7.71g/L at 36℃ and 2.88 atm. Calculate the molar mass of the compound and determine its
molecular formula.
ClO2 , which has a molar mass of 67.45 g.

Practice
7. Chemical analysis of a gaseous compound showed that it contained 33.0 percent silicon (Si) and 67.0precent
fluorine (F) by mass. At 35℃, 0.210L of the compound exerted a pressure of 1.70 atm. If the mass of 0.210 L of
the compound was 2.38 g, calculate the molecular formula of the compound.
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The empirical formula is SiF3 The molar mass of the empirical formula SiF3 is 85.09g.
169/85.092
The molecular formula of the compound must be Si2F6.
Practice
8. Calculate the volume of O2 (in liters) required for the complete combustion of 7.64 L of acetylene (C2H2)
measured at the same temperature and pressure.
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Practice
9. Sodium azide (NaN3) is used in some automobile air bags. The impact of a collision triggers the decomposition
of NaN3 as follows:
The nitrogen gas produced quickly inflates the bag between the driver and the windshield and dashboard. Calculate
the volume of N2 generated at 80℃ and 823 mmHg by the decomposition of 60.0g of NaN3.
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Practice
10. Aqueous lithium hydroxide solution is used to purify air in spacecrafts and submarines because it absorbs
carbon dioxide, which is an end product of metabolism, according to the equation
The pressure of carbon dioxide inside the cabin of a submarine having a volume of 2.410 5L is 7.910-3atm at 312K.
A solution of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) of negligible volume is introduced into the cabin. Eventually the pressure
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of CO2 falls to 1.210-4 atm. How many grams of lithium carbonate are formed by this process?
5.7
The Kinetic Molecular
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Theory of Gases
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases （气体分子动能理论）
• Kinetic Energy (KE, 动能 ) is the type of energy expended by a moving object, or energy of motion.
• Central to the kinetic theory are the following assumptions:

1. A gas is composed of molecules that are separated from each other by distances far greater than their own
dimensions. The molecules can be considered to be “points”; that is, they possess mass but have negligible
volume.
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2. Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions, and they frequently collide with one another.
Collisions among molecules are perfectly elastic （弹性的） . In other words, energy can be transferred
from one molecule to another as a result of a collision. Nevertheless, the total energy of all the molecules in a
system remains the same.
3. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces on one another.
4. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the temperature of the gas on kelvins.
Any two gasses at the same temperature will have the same average kinetic energy.
m: the mass of the molecule

u: the speed of the molecule
:mean square speed
The absolute temperature of a gas is a

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N: the number of molecules measure of the average kinetic energy of

the molecules. In other words, the absolute
temperature is an indication of the random
motion of the molecules—the higher the
temperature, the more energetic the
molecules.
C: the proportionality constant
T : the absolute temperature
On a qualitative basis, it is possible to use the theory to account for the general properties of substances in the gaseous
state.
(1) Compressibility of Gases

Because molecules in the gas phase are separated by large distances (assumption 1), gases can be compressed
easily to occupy less volume.
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(2) Boyle’s Law

Decreasing the volume of a given amount of gas increases its number density and hence its collision rate.
For this reason, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies; as volume decreases,
pressure increases and vice versa.
(3) Charles’s Law

Raise the temperature increases the average kinetic energy. Consequently, molecules will collide with the
walls of the container more frequently and with greater impact if the gas is heated, and thus the pressure
increases.
On a qualitative basis, it is possible to use the theory to account for the general properties of substances in the gaseous
state.
(4) Avogadro’s Law
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For two gases under the same conditions of pressure, volume, and temperature, it follows that n1=n2, which
is a mathematical expression of Avogadro’s law.
(5) Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures.

If molecules do not attract or repel one another (assumption 3), then the pressure exerted by one type of
molecule is unaffected by the presence of another gas. Consequently, the total pressure is given by the sum of
individual gas pressures.
Distribution of Molecular Speeds
• At a given instant, how many molecules are moving at a particular speed? To answer this question
Maxwell analyzed the behavior of gas molecules at different temperatures.
(1) The peak of each curve represents the most probable speed, that
is, the speed of the largest number of molecules.
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(2) The most probable speed increases as temperature increases (the

peak shifts toward the right).
(3) The curve begins to flatten out with increasing temperature,

indicating that larger numbers of molecules are moving at
greater speed.
Maxwell speed distribution curves for nitrogen gas

at three different temperatures
Distribution of Molecular Speeds
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Lighter molecules move faster, on average, than heavier ones.
The speed distributions of three gases at

the same temperature.
Root-Mean-Square Speed
• How fast does a molecule move, on the average, at any temperature T ?
One way to estimate molecular speed is to calculate the root-mean-square (rms) speed (urms ), which is an average
molecular speed.
One of the results of the kinetic theory of gases is that the total
kinetic energy of a mole of any gas equals RT .
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(1) The urms of a gas increases with the square root of

its temperature (in kelvins).
(2) The heavier the gas, the more slowly its molecules
move.
(3)
R=
Root-Mean-Square Speed
Calculate the root-mean-square speeds of helium atoms and nitrogen molecules in m/s at 25℃.
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Gas Diffusion and Effusion
(1) Gas Diffusion
The gradual mixing of molecules of one gas with molecules of another by virtue of their kinetic properties.
Despite the fact that molecular speeds are very great, the diffusion process takes a relatively long time to
complete.
a lighter gas will diffuse through a

certain space more quickly than will a
heavier gas.
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Graham’s law of diffusion

Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, rates of
diffusion for gases are inversely proportional to the square roots
of their molar masses.
r1 and r2 are the diffusion rates of gases 1 and 2

m1 and m2 are the molar masses of gases 1 and 2
NH3 is lighter and therefore diffuses faster, solid

NH4Cl first appears nearer the HCl bottle (on the right).
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https://haokan.baidu.com/v?vid=4084463342240394339&pd=bj
h&fr=bjhauthor&type=video
(2) Gas Effusion
Effusion is the process by which a gas under pressure escapes from one compartment of a container to
another by passing through a small opening.
Although effusion differs from diffusion in nature, the

rate of effusion of a gas has the same form as Graham’s
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For example:
A helium-filled rubber balloon deflates faster than an air-filled
one.
A flammable gas made up only of carbon and hydrogen is found to effuse through a porous barrier in 1.50
min. Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, it takes an equal volume of bromine vapor
4.73 min to effuse through the same barrier. Calculate the molar mass of the unknown gas, and suggest
what this gas might be.
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5.8
Deviation from Ideal
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Behavior
Deviation from Ideal Behavior
Under what conditions will gases most likely exhibit nonideal behavior?
Pressure
• For ideal gases, PV/RT equals 1, regardless of

the actual gas pressure.
• For real gases, this is true only at moderately
low pressures (≤ 5 atm); significant deviations
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occur as pressure increases.

(1) At atmospheric pressure, the molecules in a
gas are far apart and the attractive forces are
negligible.
(2) At high pressures, intermolecular forces can
then be significant enough to affect the motion of
the molecules, and the gas will not behave ideally.
Plot of PV/RT versus P of 1 mole of a gas at 0℃.

Under what conditions will gases most likely exhibit nonideal behavior?
Temperature
Cooling a gas decreases the molecules’ average kinetic energy, which in a sense deprives
molecules of the drive they need to break from their mutual attraction.
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Modify the ideal gas equation (intermolecular forces and finite molecular volumes)
each molecule does occupy a finite,

although small, intrinsic volume
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a : a constant n : the number of moles of the gas

n : the number of moles b : a constant
V : the volume of the container
Van der Waals equation

Van der Waals equation
• He have the weakest

attraction for one another,
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a value.
• The Van der Waals constant a indicates how
• The larger the molecule (or
strongly molecules of a given type of gas
atom), the greater b is.
attract one another.
• There is also a rough correlation between
molecular size and Van der Waals constant
b.
Given that 3.50 moles of NH3 occupy 5.20 L at 47℃, calculate the pressure of the gas (in atm) using (a)
the ideal gas equation and (b) the van der Waals equation.
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Chapter 5 Gases

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Chapter 5 Gases

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Chapter 5

5.1 Substances That Exist as Gases 5.5 Gas Stoichiometry

5.2 Pressure of a Gas 5.6 Dalton’s Law of Partial

5.3 The Gas Laws 5.7 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of

• Physical properties of gases

The forces of attraction between

The space between molecules is large.

Each molecule moves freely and essentially independently of other molecules.

Expands when heated

• Gas and Vapor

Vapor: describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a

Pascal (Pa): one newton per square meter. 1 Pa = 1 N/m2

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Atmospheric Pressure ( 大气压）

Let’s play a game~

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• The force experienced by any area exposed to Earth’s

Shanxi Datong 899.2 888.6

Shanxi Taiyuan 932.9 919.2

• The actual value of atmospheric pressure depends on location, temperature,

• How is atmospheric pressure measured?

Vacuum • Mercury is liquid at room temperature.

• The weight of the mercury remaining in the tube is

• Standard atmospheric pressure (1atm) is equal to the

1 atm = 760mmHg = 101325Pa = 101.325KPa

• How is the pressure of other gases measured??

The Gas Laws

The gas laws describe the physical behavior

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Boyles’s Law: the pressure of a fixed amount of gas

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V1 and V2 are the volumes at pressures P1 and P2 , respectively

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• In 1848 Lord Kelvin identified -

k2 is the proportionality constant

Charles’s law: the volume of a fixed amount of gas

V1 and V2 are the volumes of the gas at temperatures

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The safety valve will not open.

• at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases

k4 is the proportionality constant

Avogadro’s Law: at constant pressure and temperature, the volume of a gas

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VH2: VN2=3:1 VNH3: VH2+VN2=2:4=1:2

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2.31mol-1.10mol=1.20mol 1.20mol =4.80g

4.80grams more He must be added.

(2) Charles’s Law T-V (at constant P and n)

(3) Gay-Lussac’s Law P-T (at constant V and n)

(4) Avogadro’s Law V-n (at constant T and P)

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The Ideal Gas

(2) Charles’s Law T-V (at constant P and n)

(3) Gay-Lussac’s Law P-T (at constant V and n)

(4) Avogadro’s Law V-n (at constant T and P) R : gas constant

• An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas whose pressure-volume-temperature behavior can be completely

• The molecules of an ideal gas do not attract or repel one another.

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(1) (3) Molar Mass

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m: mass (g) M: molar mass (g/mol)

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n A is the number of moles of A present