Ratio Proportion & Percentage - Formulas

Poonam Shah - Business Mathematics I
Business Mathematics
Module 1
Ratio, Proportion & Percentage
Friday, February 17, 20 1

23
RATIO
• Meaning – Ratio is relation between two
quantities of similar kind. Such that, it expressed
as, the number of times one quantity is greater
than or less than the other.
• Ratio is expressed as - a:b; a

b
• In this Ratio, a is antecedent and b is

consequent.
23
RATIO
• Ratio – a / b = 2 / 3 can be derived from 10/15,
6/9 , 4/6.
10/15, 6/9 , 4/6 = Original form of Ratio
2/3 = Reduced form of Ratio
10 = 2*x
15 3*x
• Any given Ratio can be in its original form or in
a reduced form. If its in reduced form, we will
have to calculate its original form.

23
RATIO
• Types of Ratio –
Inverse Ratio – Antecedent & Consequent gets
interchanged.
Original Ratio = a/b; Inverse Ratio = b/a
Continued Ratio – When we try to relate more than

two numbers it becomes continued Ratio.
Continued Ratio = a:b:c --- a/b = b/c -- b2=ac;
a:b:c:d – a/b = c/d – ad = bc

23
Proportion
• Meaning – Proportion is an attempt to equate two
different ratios of similar kind.
• a = c ; a:b = c:d; ad = bc
b d
• a and d are called as Extremes

• b and c are called Means of the proportion.

23
Proportion
• Types of Proportion-
Direct Proportion – Direct Proportion is relation of
ratios where increase in one variable results into
increase in another variable.
• a = c ; a:b = c:d; ad = bc
b d
3 chocolates = Rs.14; Cost of 10 Chocolates
3 14 14*10 = 46.60
10 ? 3

23
Proportion
Direct Proportion – Original Proportion is a = c 3=5
b d 4 6
Alternendo - a = b
c d
Invertendo - b = d
a c
Componendo – a+b = c+d
b d
Dividendo – a-b = c-d
b d
Componendo & Dividendo - a+b = c+d
a-b c-d
23
Proportion
Inverse / Indirect Proportion – Inverse Proportion is
relation of ratios where increase in one variable
results into decrease in another variable.
• a = c ; ac = bd
b d
6 Labours = 2 Days; 10 Labours = ? Days
6 2 X = 6*2 = 1.2 Days
10 ?(x) 10

23
Proportion
Continued Proportion – Continued Proportion is an
extension of Direct Proportion.
• a=c=e=g a+c+e+g
b d f h b+d+f+h

23
Percentage
• Meaning – It is a ratio out of 100.
50 = 50%
100
For conversion of Ratio into Percentage –
2 * 100 = 50%
4
For conversion of Percentage into Ratio –
50% = 50* 1 = 5 = 1
100 10 2
23
Variation
• Variation is relation between more than two
variable.
• Coal in Furnaces(Dependent) = m * Number of
Furnace (Independent) * Number of Hours (Independent)
• Time to cover distance (Dependent) = m * Speed
(Independent) * Distance (Independent)
• There is existence of constant in this variation.
• Constant is generally taken as m, means direct
variation.
• Constant may be sometime comes as 1/m, means
indirect / inverse variation 11
Friday, February 17, 20
23
Q. 1 Student Council – Total Members – 45

Existing Ratio – 2:1
Required Ratio – 3:2
Number of Girls to add in SC = ?
Solution –
Existing Number of Boys = 45*2/3 = 30
Existing Number of Girls = 45*1/3 = 15
Ratio of Boys to Girls = 30
15
Let us assume number of girls to add in SC be X.
New Ratio = 30 / New Number Girls
3 = 30__
2 15+X
23
3 = 30___
2 15+X
3(15+X) = 60
45 + 3X = 60
3X = 60 – 45
3X = 15
X=5
5 more girls should be added to the Council to make the ratio

3:2.
Verification -
[Boys = 30 ; Girls = 15+5 = 20 New Ratio= 30/20 = 3:2]
23
Q. 2 a : b = 3 : 2
b:c=3:2
Continued Proportion = ?
Solution – 9 =6
a=b 6 4
b c Therefore, Continued
3=3 Proportion = a:b:c =
2 2 9:6:4
3*3 = 3*2
2*3 2*2

23
Q. 3 Three Positive Numbers = ?

Ratio = 1:4:2
Sum of their squares = 1,701
Solution –
Let us assume the original numbers be x, 4x & 2x
Sum of their square = x2 + (4x)^2 + (2x)^2
1701 = x2 + 16 x2 + 4 x2
1701 = 21 x2
x2 = 1701 / 21
x2 = 81
x = +9 / -9
x=9
Therefor, Original numbers are, x = 9; 4x = 36; 2x = 18.

23
Q. 4 A & B
Income Ratio = 10:9; Expenditure Ratio = 6:9;
Savings – A = Rs.20,000; B – Rs.10,000
Income = ?
Solution –
Let us assume the original monthly income A & B be 10x & 9x

Let us assume the original monthly expenditure A & B be 6y & 9y
Income – Expenditure = Savings
A --- 10x – 6y = 20,000 _______ I
B --- 9x – 9y = 10,000 ________ II

23
Solution –
90x – 54y = 1,80,000 _______ I*9
54x – 54y = 60,000 ________ II*6
- + -__________
36x = 1,20,000
x = 3,333.33 = 3,333
Submitting value of x in equation I
10x – 6y = 20,000
10(3,333) – 6y = 20,000
33,330 – 20,000 = 6y
13,330 = 6y
y = 2,221.67 = 2,222
Monthly Income = A = 10x = 33,330; B = 9x = 29,997

Monthly Expenditure = A = 6y = 13,332; B = 9y = 19,998

23
Q. 5
3 numbers in a proportion = 21, 30 & 35
Fourth Proportion = ?
Solution –
Let a = 21, b = 30 , c = 35 & d=?
a=c
b d
a*d = b*c
21 d = 30 * 35
d = 30 * 35 / 21= 50
Fourth Proportional number for given numbers is 50.

23
Q. 6
15 Workers – 60 Days
How many workers – 36 Days
Solution –
To complete the task in less number of days, number of workers need to
increase; Therefor it is an Indirect Proportion
Workers Days
15 60
x 36
X = 15 * 60 = 25
36
10 More workers required to complete the same project in 36 Days.

23
Q. 7
8 Products – Rs.108
13 Products - How many Rs.????
Solution –
With increase in number of products, cost will also increase.
Therefore, Its Direct Proportion.
Number of products Cost

8 108
13 (x) ?
X = 13 * 108 = 175.50
8
Cost of 13 products will be Rs.175.50.

23
Q. 8
PSR of A & B = 5:3
PSR of B & C = 2:7
Profit = Rs.37,000 ; Individual Profit =?????
Solution –
a=b
b c
5=2
3 7
5*2 = 2*3
3*2 7*3
10 = 6
6 21
Therefore, Profit Sharing Ratio of A, B & C is 10:6:21
23
Solution –
Profit of A = 37,000 * 10 = Rs.10,000
37
Profit of B = 37,000 * 6 = Rs.6,000
37
Profit of C = 37,000 * 21 = Rs.21,000
37
Profit of A, B & C is Rs.10,000; Rs.6,000 &

Rs.21,000 Respectively.

23
Q. 9 Old Ratio of Men to women = 5:3
New Ratio of Men to women = 50:50 = 1:1
2 men left the job, 6 women joined the company
Number of men & women in the original ratio
Solution –
Let the original number of men be 5x & women be 3x.
5x – 2 = 1
3x + 6 1
5x – 2 = 3x +6
5x – 3x = 6+2
2x = 8
x = 8/2 = 4
Original number of men in an organisation = 5x = 5*4 = 20
Original number of women in an organisation = 3x = 3*4 =
12 Friday, February 17, 20 23
23
Q. 10 Old Ratio of boys to girls in a playschool = 4:5
New Ratio of girls to boys in a playschool = 3:1
10 boys left the school, 5 girls joined the school
Number of boys & girls in the original ratio
Solution –
Let the original number of boys be 4x & girls be 5x.
4x – 10 = 1
5x + 5 3
(4x – 10)*3 = 1(5x+5)
12x – 30 = 5x + 5
12x – 5x = 30 + 5
7x = 35
x=5
Original number of Boys in a playschool = 4x = 4*5 = 20
Original number of girls in a playschool = 5x = 5*5 = 25
24
Q. 11 Ratio of boys to girls in a Music Class = 3:7

Percentage of boys in neighbourhood = 10%
Percentage of Girls in neighbourhood = 30%
Percentage of students coming form neighbourhood & far away
places = ?????
Solution –
Let the original number of boys be 3x & girls be 7x in a
music class.
Total Students in a music class = 3x+7x = 10x
Number of boys from Neighbourhood = 10%

= 10% of 3x = 0.30x
Number of girls from Neighbourhood = 30%

= 30% of 7x = 2.10x
25
Total Students coming from neighbourhood area =

2.10x + 0.30x = 2.40x
Total Students coming from far away places= 10x – 2.40x = 7.60 x
Percentage of students from neighbourhood = 2.40x * 100

10x
= 24%
Percentage of students from far away places = 7.60x * 100

10x
= 76%
Percentage of students from far away places = 100 – 24 = 76%
26
Q. 12 Strength of Boys = 40%

Admission taken by – 20 Boys & 10 Girls
New Ratio = 4:5
Original Number of Boys & Girls = ????????
Solution –
Given That the strength of Boys is 40%, Which means
Proportion of Girls in total number students is 60%.
Old Ratio of Boys to Girls = 40% : 60% = 2:3
Let the original number of Boys be 2x & Girls be 3x.
2x + 20 = 4
3x + 10 5
5 (2x + 20) = 4 (3x+10)
10x + 100 = 12x + 40
100 – 40 = 12x – 10x 27
60 = 2x
x = 60 / 2 = 30
Therefore, Original Number of Boys = 2x = 2*30 = 60

Original number of Girls = 3x = 3*30 = 90
28
Q. 13 Total weight of Mixture = 50 gms

Gold proportion = 20%
Required gold proportion = 36%
How much gold to add = ?
Solution –
Gold Proportion = 20% of 50 gms
= 50 * 20% = 10 gms
[50 * 20 = 10 gms ]
100
Gold proportion in total mixture = 10 gms / 50 gms

10
50
Let x gm of gold be added in the mixture.
29
Let x gm of gold be added in the mixture.

10 + x = 36%
50 + x
10 + x = 36
50 + x 100
10 + x = 9
50 + x 25
25(10 + x) = 9 ( 50 + x)
250 + 25x = 450 + 9x
25x – 9x = 450 – 250
16x = 200
x = 200 / 16 = 12.5
To make gold proportion 36% in the mixture further 12.5

gms of gold to be added in the mixture.
30
Q. 14 Total number of employees = 60

Proportion of men = 70%
Required proportion of men = 60%
How many men to transfer = ?
Solution –
Component of men in total employee = 70% of 60 = 42 Men
Proportion of men in total employees = 42 /60
Let us assume x Men be transferred.

42 – x = 60
60 – x 100
42 – x = 3
60 – x 5
31
42 – x = 3
60 – x 5
5 (42 – x) = 3 (60 – x)
210 – 5x = 180 – 3x
210 -180 = 5x – 3x
30 = 2x
x = 30 / 2 = 15
An organisation shall transfer 15 Men to reduce proportion

of men to 60%.
32
Q. 15 Original Ratio of Men to Women = 5:3

20% Men & 9 Women Recruited
New Ratio = 4:5
Original Number of Men & Women = ?
Solution –
Let original number of Men be 5x & women be 3x.
5x + (20% of 5x) = 4
3x + 9 5
5x + 1x = 4
3x + 9 5
5(6x) = 4(3x+9)
30x = 12x + 36
30x -12x = 36
18x = 36 Therefore, x = 36 / 18 ; x = 2
33
Original Number of Men in a company = 5x = 5*2 = 10
Original Number of Women in a company = 3x = 3*2 = 6
34
Q. 16 Numerator of fraction increased by 50%
Denominator of fraction decreased by 70%
New Fraction = 2/7
Original Fraction = ?
Solution –
Let the fraction be x/y
Given that Numerator increased by 50%
Therefore New Numerator = x + 50% of x = x + 0.50x = 1.5x
Given that Denominator decreased by 70%
Therefore New Denominator = y - 70% of y = y - 0.70y= 0.3y
New Fraction –
1.5x = 2
0.3y 7
35
1.5x = 2 Alternate Method-

0.3y 7 Original Fraction = 1/x
x = 2*0.3 1+50% of 1 = 2
y 7*1.5 x – 70% of x 7
x = 2*3 1.5 = 2
y 7*15 0.30x 7
x = 2*1 1 = 2*0.30
y 7*5 x 7*1.5
x=2 1=2
y 35 x 35
So the original fraction was 2 / 35.

36
Q. 17 Numerator of fraction decreased by 20%
Denominator of fraction increased by 30%
New Fraction = 1
Original Fraction = ?
Solution –
The original fraction as given is a/b
Given that Numerator decreased by 20%
Therefore New Numerator = a - 20% of a = a - 0.20x = 0.80a
Given that Denominator increased by 30%
Therefore New Denominator = b + 30% of b = b + 0.30b= 1.3b
New Fraction –
0.80a = 1
1.3b
37
0.80a = 1
1.3b
a = 1.3
b 0.80
a = 13
b 8
So the original fraction is a/b = 13/8.
38
Q. 18 Total Income of X , Y & Z = Rs.1,00,000

Ratio of their savings = 9:8:10
They spend 70%, 60% & 80% of their individual income.
Their Individual income = ?????
Solution –
Let us assume income of X, Y & Z be x, y & z Respectively.
x + y + z = Rs.1,00,000_____________ I
Let us assume their respective savings be 9a, 8a &
10a.
Given, Their expenditure is 70%, 60% & 80% of their
individual income.
That means, Their savings is 30%, 40% & 20% of
their individual income.
39
X saves 30% of his income (x), which is equal to 9a.

30% of x = 9a
0.30x = 9 a
x = 9a / 0.30
x = 9a * 100
30
x = 30a
Y saves 40% of his income (y), which is equal to 8a.

40% of y = 8a
0.40y = 8a
y = 8a / 0.40
y = 8a * 100
40
y = 20a
40
Z saves 20% of his income (z), which is equal to 10a.

20% of z = 10a
0.20z = 10a
z = 10a / 0.20
z = 10a * 100
20
z = 50a
Submitting value of x , y & z in Equation I

x + y + z = 1,00,000
30a + 20a + 50 a = 1,00,000
100 a = 1,00,000
a = 1,000
Income of X = x = 30a = 30*1,000 = Rs.30,000

Income of Y = y = 20a = 20*1,000 = Rs.20,000
Income of Z = z = 50a = 50*1,000 = Rs.50,000
Income of X, Y & Z is Rs.30,000, Rs.20,000 & Rs.50,000

Respectively. 41
Q. 19 Total Daily Income of P , Q & R = Rs.900

Ratio of their expenditure = 8:9:14
They save 20%, 40% & 30% of their Daily individual income.
Their Daily Individual income = ?????
Solution –
Let us assume daily income of P, Q & R be x, y & z
Respectively.
x + y + z = Rs.900_____________ I
Let us assume their respective daily expenditure be 8a,
9a & 14a.
Given, Their daily savings is 20%, 40% & 30% of their daily
individual income.
That means, Their daily expenditure is 80%, 60% &
70% of their daily individual income. 42
P spent 80% of his daily income (x), which is equal to 8a.

80% of x = 8a
0.80x = 8 a
x = 8a / 0.80
x = 8a * 100
80
x = 10a
Q spent 60% of his daily income (y), which is equal to 9a.

60% of y = 9a
0.60y = 9a
y = 9a / 0.60
y = 9a * 100 = 3a*10
60 2
y = 15a
43
R Spent 70% of his daily income (z), which is equal to 14a.

70% of z = 14a
0.70z = 14a
z = 14a / 0.70
z = 14a * 100
70
z = 20a
Submitting value of x , y & z in Equation I

x + y + z = 900
10a + 15a + 20 a = 900
45 a = 900
a = 900 / 45 = 20
Daily Income of P = x = 10a = 10*20 = Rs.200

Daily Income of Q = y = 15a = 15*20 = Rs.300
Daily Income of R = z = 20a = 20*20 = Rs.400 44
Q. 20 Three Individuals i.e A, B & C

Ratio of their Income = 1:2:3
Ratio of their expenditure = 1:5:4
For A, Expenses = 1/3 of his income
Ratio of their Savings = ????????
Solution –
Let us assume their individual income be x, 2x & 3x.
Ratio of their individual expenditure is 1:5:4
For A, Expenditure = 1/3 of His Income
1 = 1/3 * x
x=3
Original individual income Ratio = x : 2x : 3x = 3 : 6 : 9
45
A B C
Income 3 6 9
(-) Expenditure 1 5 4
- - -
Savings 2 1 5
Ratio of individual savings of A, B & C is 2:1:5.
46
Q. 21 Three Individuals i.e X, Y & Z

Ratio of their Income = 1:2:3
Ratio of their savings = 1:2:3
For X, Savings = 20% of his income
Ratio of their Expenditure = ????????
Solution –
Let us assume their individual income be x, 2x & 3x.
Ratio of their individual savings is 1:2:3
For X, Savings = 20% of His Income
1 = 20% of x
1 = 0.20 x
1/0.20 = x
1 / (20/100) = x
100/ 20 = x
x=5
Original individual income Ratio = x : 2x : 3x = 5 : 10 : 15
47
X Y Z
Income 5 10 15
(-) Savings 1 2 3
- - -
Expenditure 4 8 12
Ratio of individual expenditure of X, Y & Z is

4:8:12 i.e 1:2:3
48
Q. 22
40 Workers making 16 Shelves in 8 Days
30 Workers to make 24 Shelves, Days = ?????
Solution –
Shelves = m * Workers * Days
40 workers making 16 Shelves in 8 Days
16 = m * 40 * 8
m = 16 = 1
40*8 20
30 workers making 24 Shelves
Shelves = 1/20 * Workers * Days
24 = 1/20 * 30 * Days
Days = 24 * 20 = 24*2 = 16
30 3
16 days will 30 workers take to make 24 shelves.
49
Q. 23
20 furnaces consume 100kg of coal in 7 days
how many days 150 kg of coal can be used to use 30 furnaces
Solution –
Coal = m * Number of Days * Number of Furnaces
20 furnaces consume 100kg of coal in 7 days
100 = m * 20 * 7
m = 100 = 5
20*7 7
150 kg of coal for 30 furnaces, Day = ?
Coal = m * Number of Days * Number of Furnaces
150 = 5 / 7 * Number of Days * 30
Number of Days = 150 * 7 = 7 Days
5* 30
150 kg of coal can be used for 7 days to run 30 furnaces.
50
Q. 24
10 Bull take 3 days to complete work on50 hectares of Land.
How many bulls to complete the same work in 2 Days????
Solution –
Method 1 – Variation
Hectares of Land = m * Number of Days * Number of Bulls
50 = m * 3 * 10
m = 50 = 5
3*10 3
2 Days same work, Day = ?
Hectares of Land = m * Number of Days * Number of Bulls
50 = 5/3 * 2 * Number of Bulls
Number of Bulls = 50 * 3 = 15 Bulls
2* 5
15 bulls to complete the same work in 2 Days.
51
Q. 24
How many bulls to complete the same work in 2 Days????
Solution –
Method 2 – Proportion
Hectares of land remains constant so we can apply inverse proportion to
find change in number of bulls due to change in number of days.
Number of Day Number of Bulls

3 10
2 ?
Number of Bulls = 3 * 10 = 15
2
Therefore, 15 Bulls require to complete the same work in 2 Days.
52

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Poonam Shah - Business Mathematics I

Friday, February 17, 20 1

• Ratio is expressed as - a:b; a

• In this Ratio, a is antecedent and b is

Friday, February 17, 20 3

Continued Ratio – When we try to relate more than

Friday, February 17, 20 4

• a and d are called as Extremes

Friday, February 17, 20 5

Friday, February 17, 20 6

Friday, February 17, 20 8

Friday, February 17, 20 9

Q. 1 Student Council – Total Members – 45

5 more girls should be added to the Council to make the ratio

Friday, February 17, 20 14

Q. 3 Three Positive Numbers = ?

Friday, February 17, 20 15

Let us assume the original monthly income A & B be 10x & 9x

Friday, February 17, 20 16

Monthly Income = A = 10x = 33,330; B = 9x = 29,997

Friday, February 17, 20 17

Friday, February 17, 20 18

Friday, February 17, 20 19

Number of products Cost

Friday, February 17, 20 20

Profit of A, B & C is Rs.10,000; Rs.6,000 &

Friday, February 17, 20 22

Q. 11 Ratio of boys to girls in a Music Class = 3:7

Total Students in a music class = 3x+7x = 10x

Number of boys from Neighbourhood = 10%

Number of girls from Neighbourhood = 30%

Total Students coming from neighbourhood area =

Percentage of students from neighbourhood = 2.40x * 100

Percentage of students from far away places = 7.60x * 100

Percentage of students from far away places = 100 – 24 = 76%

Q. 12 Strength of Boys = 40%

Therefore, Original Number of Boys = 2x = 2*30 = 60

Q. 13 Total weight of Mixture = 50 gms

Gold proportion in total mixture = 10 gms / 50 gms

Let x gm of gold be added in the mixture.

To make gold proportion 36% in the mixture further 12.5

Q. 14 Total number of employees = 60

Let us assume x Men be transferred.

An organisation shall transfer 15 Men to reduce proportion

Q. 15 Original Ratio of Men to Women = 5:3

Original Number of Men in a company = 5x = 5*2 = 10

Original Number of Women in a company = 3x = 3*2 = 6

1.5x = 2 Alternate Method-

So the original fraction was 2 / 35.

So the original fraction is a/b = 13/8.

Q. 18 Total Income of X , Y & Z = Rs.1,00,000

X saves 30% of his income (x), which is equal to 9a.

Y saves 40% of his income (y), which is equal to 8a.

Z saves 20% of his income (z), which is equal to 10a.

Submitting value of x , y & z in Equation I

Income of X = x = 30a = 30*1,000 = Rs.30,000

Income of X, Y & Z is Rs.30,000, Rs.20,000 & Rs.50,000

Q. 19 Total Daily Income of P , Q & R = Rs.900

P spent 80% of his daily income (x), which is equal to 8a.

Q spent 60% of his daily income (y), which is equal to 9a.

R Spent 70% of his daily income (z), which is equal to 14a.

Submitting value of x , y & z in Equation I

Daily Income of P = x = 10a = 10*20 = Rs.200

Ratio Proportion & Percentage - Formulas

Ratio Proportion & Percentage - Formulas