BY: Tejanidhyan, Adithya, Faaz,Faris, Daksh,

eshaan,Isa, Sohail and Ahmed

The STARS and the Solar System

INTRODUCTION

• Space is a almost eternal space between

celestial bodies in the universe.Most of these
celestial bodies that are within a distance can
be seen in the night sky. The sun is the most
prominent during day.There are different
celestial bodies like stars, natural satellites,
galaxies, nebulas, black holes etc.The Study
of these objects is known as Astronomy.In
ancient India, our ancestors’ astronomy was
way advanced for their time.They used the
information to predict weather and develop
calendars.
THE MOON

BY- Tejanidhyan
Phases of the Moon

• As the Earth and moon orbit the sun together, the

pattern of day and night on the lunar surface
constantly changes. We refer to the percentage of
illumination on the visible face of the moon as
the moon's "phase." There are 8 major named
phases which are mentioned here
———————->
• When the full face of the moon is visible, it is
referred to as a full moon.Eventually the moon
slowly fades away and becomes a new moon.
Then it slowly fades back forming a full moon
again. This process repeats every 15 days
How This Occurs and festivals celebrated

The moonlight we see on Earth is sunlight reflected off the

Moon's grayish-white surface. The amount of Moon we see
changes over the month because the Moon orbits Earth
and Earth orbits the Sun.The part of the moon facing the
sun is lit up. The part facing away from the sun is in
darkness.

Many Festivals are present in this world. But some festivals

like Budh Poornima and Guru Nanak’s birthday are
celebrated on full moon day; Maha Shivratri is celebrated
on thirteenth night of waning moon; Eid- ul-Fitr is observed
on the day following the sighting of crescent moon.
The Moon’s Surface
Earth view from the moon—>

• The surface of the moon has

lots of craters(caused by
asteroids) and is a landscape of
steep mountains ad barren lands
of grey dust.The Moon has no
atmosphere and hence there is
no air. Sound cannot travel in
the moon.
CONSTELLATIONS

BY- ADITHYA
What Is a constellation

Constellations are a type of patern sformed by group of

starts
Did you know that a constellation does not have only 5-
10 stars . It has a large number of stars But we can only
see the bright ones with our eyes
Ursa Major

• One if the most famous constellations which can

be seen in summer in early part of the night is
ursa major which is also known as the Big
dipper, great bear or Saptarshi.Its is called the
big dipper because of its appearance which is
like ladle, which consists of 7 prominent
stars .The name Saptarshi is accociated with the
seven well known indian sages(rishis), The
seven sages who forms saptarshi presieve the
enternal knowledge of vedaa and explain it to
people in the new age. With the help of ursa
major We can locate the pole Star
ORION
• Orion is one of the most magnificent and well
known constellations which can be seen at
winter in the late evening. It consists of 8 bright
stars .Orion is also know as the hunter because
the middle stars represent the belt of an hunter.
• The star Sirius, which is the brightest star in the
sky is located close to Orion. To locate Sirius,
you have to imagine a straight line passing
through the middle through the 3 middle stars
and look along the line which will lead you to
sirius .
Cassiopeia
• It is another prominent
constellation in the
northern sky which can be
seen during winter in the
early night .it looks like a
distorted W or M
STARS

BY- ESHAAN
The Planets
The Solar System

The sun and the celestial bodies which revolve around it form the
solar system.
The solar system is held together because of the Gravitational pull
of the Sun
The solar system contains a large bodies such as planets comets
asteroids and meteors
Planets

There are eight planets in the solar system.The eight planets in the order of
distance from thesun are: Mercury,Venus,Earth,Mars,Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus
and Neptune.
The planets look like stars but they do not have light of their own. A planet
has a definite path in which it revolves around the sun .the path is called an
orbit.
Pluto was once a planet but now it is a dwarf planet.
THE SUN

THE SUN IS THE NEAREST STAR FROM US. IT CONTINUOUSLY EMITS HUGE
AMOUNT OF HEAT AND LIGHT . THE SUN IS THE SOURCE OF ALMOST ALL
ENERGY ON ALL PLANETS.
THE SUN IS ABOUT 695,000 KILOMETERS (432,000 MILES), OR 109 TIMES THAT
EARTH. ITS MASS IS ABOUT 330,000 TIMES THAT OF EARTH, COMPRISING ABO
99.86% OF THE TOTAL MASS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
VENUS(SHUKRA)
IT IS THE NEAREST PLANET TO EARTH. IT IS THE BIGGEST PLANET IN NIGHT SK
VENUS APPEARS IN THE EASTERN SKY BEFORE SUNRISE. SOMETIMES IT APPEARS IN
WESTERN SKY JUST AFTER SUNSET.
IT IS THE HOTTEST PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
IT HAS NO SATELLITES
IT IS KNOWN AS THE EVENING STAR.
EARTH(PRITHVI)
IT ISTHE ONLY PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM WERE LIFE EXSITS. THIS IS BECAUSE EAR
HAS THE PERFECT QUALITIES FOR LIFE.
THESE INCLUDE JUST THE RIGHT DISTANCE FROM THE SUN, SO THAT IT HAS THE RIGH
TEMPERATURE RANGE(THE GOLDILOCKS ZONE)THE PRESENCE OF WATER AND SUITAB
ATMOSPHERE AND A BLANKET OF OZONE.
IT HAS ONE SATELLITE - THE MOON
FROM SPACE, THE EARTH APPEARS BLUE- GREEN DUE TO THE REFLECTION OF LIGHT
FROM WATER AND LANDMASS ON ITS SURFACE.
THE AXIS OF ROTATION OF THE EARTH IS NOT PERPENDICULAR TO THE PLANE OF IT
ORBIT. THE TILT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CHANGE OF SEASONS ON THE EARTH.
MARS(MANGAL)

SLIGHTLY REDDISH SO IT IS CALLED THE RED PLANET.

IT HAS TWO NATURAL SATELLITES.-PHOBOS AND DEIMOS
Outer and Inner planets

Inner planets are the planets which are closest to the sun.
This includes Mercury,Venus,Earth and Mars.They are
Rocky planets
Outer planets are the planets which are far from the
sun.This includes Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus and Neptune.
These are gas giants.
>METEOR IS A
STREAK OF LIGHT IN
THE SKY

>A METEOR
SOMETIMES CALLED
SHOOTING STAR OR
FALLING STAR, IS
ACTUALLY A SPACE
ROCK THAT IS
CRASHING THROUGH
EARTH'S
ATMOSPHERE.
METEORS AND METEORITES-
>METEORITES ARE AHMED
THE BODY OF A
METEOR WHEN IT
>THERE IS LOTS OF
SPACE BETWEEN
MARS AND JUPITER.
HERE THERE ARE
LARGE PIECES OF
ROCKS FLOATING
AROUND.THEY ARE
ASTEROIDS.

>THE AREA IN
WHICH THESE ARE
LOCATED IS CALLED
THE ASTEROID BELT.

>IT IS ALSO HOME TO ASTEROIDS- FAAZ

DWARF PLANETS
LIKE CERES
>COMETS ARE PIECES
OF DUST AND ROCK
THAT MOVE IN HIGHLY
ELLIPTICAL ORBITS.

>THEY REVOLVE
AROUND THE SUN IN A
LONG DISTANCE

>A COMET APPEARS

GENERALLY AS A
BRIGHT HEAD WITH A
LONG TAIL. THE LENGTH
OF THE TAIL GROWS IN
SIZE AS IT APPROACHES
THE SUN. THE TAIL OF A
COMET IS ALWAYS COMETS- ISA
DIRECTED AWAY FROM
THE SUN
Artificial satellites

An artificial satellite is a man-made body placed in orbit

round the earth or another planet in order to collect
information about it or for communication purposes.
The ISS is an example of an artificial satellite.
THE ISS
A satellite is an object that orbits another object. In space, satellites may be natural, or artificial. The
moon is a natural satellite that orbits the Earth. Most artificial satellites also orbit the Earth, but some
orbit other planets, or the Sun or Moon. Satellites are used for many purposes. There are weather
satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, reconnaissance satellites, astronomy
satellites.

The world's first artificial satellite, the Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union on October
4,1957. This surprised the world, and the United States quickly worked to launch their own satellite,
starting the space race. Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957 and carried the first living
passenger into orbit, a dog named Laika. The United States launched their first satellite, called
Explorer 1 on January 31, 1958. The UK launched its first satellite in 1962.

Since then, thousands of satellites have been launched into orbit around the Earth. Some satellites,
notably space stations, have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit.
 INDIAN SATELLITES

• The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)

has launched many artificial satellites into space
such as INSAT, IRS, Kalpana-1, EDUSAT, etc.
However, India’s first successful satellite,
Aryabhata was launched by the Soviet Union.
 USES OF ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES

• Artificial satellites have many uses which

include forecasting the weather,
transmitting television and radio signals,
telecommunication and remote sensing.
 TYPES OF SATELLITES
Geostationary Satellite:
These are types of satellites that are placed into orbit at a distance of
around 36,000 km from the Earth’s surface. They rotate in the same
direction as the Earth and one revolution of such satellites is the same
as one day on Earth (roughly 24 hours). This means that, as seen from
Earth, these satellites will appear to be at the same spot throughout.
Hence, the name “geostationary” satellites. These satellites are used as
communication satellites and for weather-based applications.