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Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
Electric Noise
Noise Suppression
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
EMI Electromagnetic Interference
https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/emc-emi-electromagnetic-interference-compatibility/what-is-emi-basics-
tutorial.php
Electromagnetic Interference, EMI is the interference caused by one electrical or electronic device to another by the
electromagnetic fields set up by its operation.
Types of EMI - Electromagnetic Interference
EMI - Electromagnetic Interference can arise in many ways and from a number of sources. The different types of EMI
can be categorised in a number of ways.
One way of categorising the type of EMI is by the way it was created:
Man-made EMI: This type of EMI generally arises from other electronics circuits, although some EMI can arise from
switching of large currents, etc.
Naturally occurring EMI: This type of EMI can arise from many sources - cosmic noise as well as lightning and other
atmospheric types of noise all contribute.
Another method of categorising the type of EMI is by its duration:
Continuous interference: This type of EMI generally arises from a source such as a circuit that is emitting a
continuous signal. However background noise, which is continuous may be created in a number of ways, either
manmade or naturally occurring.
Impulse noise: Again, this type of EMI may be man-made or naturally occurring. Lightning, ESD, and switching
systems all contribute to impulse noise which is a form of EMI.
It is also possible to categorise the different types of EMI by their bandwidth.
Narrowband: Typically this form of EMI is likely to be a single carrier source - possibly generated by an oscillator of
some form. Another form of narrowband EMI is the spurious signals caused by intermodulation and other forms of
distortion in a transmitter such as a mobile phone of Wi-Fi router. These spurious signals will appear at different points
in the spectrum and may cause interference to another user of the radio spectrum. As such these spurious signals
must be kept within tight limits.
Broadband: There are many forms of broadband noise which can be experienced. It can arise from a great variety
of sources. Man-made broadband interference can arise from sources such as arc welders where a spark is
continuously generated. Naturally occurring broadband noise can be experienced from the Sun - it can cause sun-outs
for satellite television systems when the Sun appears behind the satellite and noise can mask the wanted satellite
signal. Fortunately these episodes only last for a few minutes.
What is electromagnetic noise interference?
https://www.murata.com/en-global/products/emc/emifil/knowhow/basic/chapter01-p1
When electronic devices receive strong electromagnetic waves, unwanted electric currents can be
induced in the circuit and thus cause unintended operations or interference with the intended operations.
If the energy applied from the outside is too powerful, electronic devices can be damaged. Even if the
energy applied from the outside is small, if it is mixed with the radio waves used for broadcasting and
communication, it can cause loss of reception, abnormal noise in sound, or disrupted video at places
where the radio waves for broadcasting and communication are weak. Such interference caused by
external electromagnetic waves is called electromagnetic noise interference, and the electromagnetic
waves that cause interference are called electromagnetic noise (hereinafter, noise).
Electromagnetic noises can be classified into

natural noises and artificial noises based on
the source origin of electromagnetic noise as
shown in the figure.
Natural noises are those that existed before
the existence of electronic devices, for
example, lightning and static electricity.
Electronic devices are required to have
immunity to natural noises. Artificial noises
are noises that came to be after electronic
devices started to be used and are dealt with
both emission and immunity.
Electrical Noise
Electrical Noise
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/electrical-noise-what-causes-noise-in-electrical-circuits
/
Noise is a generic word that refers to variations in voltage or current that are often random, usually of relatively low
amplitude, and always undesirable.
Noise can “come from” anywhere: the air, the power supply, an LDO, a switching regulator, a resistor....
EMG Signal
Electrical Noise
Thermal Noise, AKA Johnson Noise

This is a fundamental reality associated with resistance to the flow of electrons. Unless we start designing circuits
out of superconductors, we’ll always have thermal noise, because everything has at least a little bit of resistance.
Thermal noise is manifested as random voltage variations; it is related to temperature, resistance, and bandwidth.
Higher temperature and higher resistance lead to higher noise amplitude. “Bandwidth” here refers to the range of
frequencies that are relevant to the circuit. If you include more frequencies in your analysis, you’ll see more thermal
noise.
1/f Noise, AKA Flicker Noise

As far as I know, scientists still don’t understand flicker noise.
I don’t try to stay up to date with the latest research, so maybe
they’ve figured something out by now, but I think there is still
at least partial mystery surrounding the underlying physical
phenomena.
The bottom line is that flicker noise is generated by most
electronic components and decreases in amplitude as
frequency increases. The name “1/f” (i.e., “inversely related to
frequency”) reminds us that the relationship between
amplitude and frequency is a prominent characteristic of
flicker noise. As with shot noise, higher current leads to more
flicker noise.
Electrical Noise
Shot Noise
Electrons don’t actually “flow” through a conductor. They sort of bump along, with potential energy
accumulating and then being converted into kinetic energy each time the electron has to cross a barrier.
(Think of a ball rolling over a series of bumps—velocity constantly changes as energy moves back and forth
between the potential realm and the kinetic realm.)
These random variations in electron motion lead to corresponding random variations in current. In other
words, noise. Shot noise is more prominent in semiconductors than in conductors because semiconductors
have more barriers. Higher current leads to more shot noise, and so does wider bandwidth (again, if you
include more frequencies, you see more noise).
This plot shows the noise density for a

general-purpose op-amp (the ADA4666-2)
made by Analog Devices. The noise
density has a general decreasing trend as
frequency increases, but to calculate the
actual noise amplitude you have to
multiply the noise density by the square
root of the circuit’s bandwidth.
Electrical Noise
Burst Noise, AKA Popcorn Noise

This type of noise occurs only in semiconductors, but that doesn’t help us much since semiconductors are
everywhere nowadays. Imperfections in the semiconductor material lead to abrupt voltage or current
transitions. The rapid transitions contain high-frequency energy, but the frequency of the pulses resulting from
these transitions is actually rather low:
You can hear burst noise if you amplify a contaminated signal and send it to a speaker. It sounds like popcorn
popping—or at least that’s what I read; I’ve never heard it (or if I have I didn’t realize what I was hearing), so I
can’t verify that it really does sound like popcorn. Burst noise is not much of a problem these days because of
improvements in semiconductor manufacturing.
Measured burst noise, taken from a Maxim Integrated app note on dealing with noise in the signal chain. The
horizontal scale is 0.4 seconds per division.
The Radio Spectrum. (Source: Department of Commerce 2003/ Released).
https://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/publications/2003-allochrt.pd
f
Spectrum allocation for different communication systems and standards
"Intra-system EMC", the autointoxication of an electronic device
Noise interference can occur to electronic devices without any external noise. Noise generated from a
circuit inside an electronic device can cause interference with another circuit in the same electronic
device. This is called intra-system EMC. For example, if a mobile phone has a built-in digital circuit,
noise from the digital circuit can degrade the receiver performance of the mobile phone (reducing the
receiver sensitivity) as shown in the figure below. In such a case, the distance between the noise source
origin and the victim is significantly smaller than those of general noise interferences, causing more
serious interference. Depending on the case, noise suppression is provided on a level far stricter than
the limit of noise regulations.
EMI Suppresion
http://www.ti.com/lit/an/szza009/szza009.pdf
https://www.murata.com/products/emc/emifil/knowhow/basic
https://resources.altium.com/presentations/pcb-design-techniques-to-reduce-emi
https://resources.altium.com/ebooks/pcb-design-techniques-to-reduce-emi-ebook
https://resources.orcad.com/blog/techniques-to-reduce-emi-in-your-pcb-designs
https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1327269#
Noise suppression
Noise interference occurs when three factors (noise source, victim and transmission path) exist as indicated by the
principle diagram in Fig. 1-7. Noise interference can be eliminated if you can eliminate one of these factors.
Therefore, you can take measures on the noise source origin side or on the victim side. For example, if you do not
use digital circuits, switching power supplies or transmitters (e.g. incandescent lamps), the noise generated from
the electronic devices will be very small. Another example would be setting up redundancy processing in software
on the victim side.
So, even if the information is slightly altered, the signal can be recovered. These measures can be fundamental
solutions. But, many such cases can cause large secondary effects like significantly reducing the performance of
electronic devices or increasing their size, making such measures unrealistic.
Usually, noise is shut out in the transmission path as shown in Fig. 1-8. There are two types of noise conduction
(spatial conduction and conductor conduction). As shown in the figure, the spatial conduction is dealt with by shields,
while the conductor conduction is dealt with by filters.
As shown in Fig. 1-7, spatial conduction and conductor conduction have a tendency of mutual transformation through
a wire that works as an antenna.
Noise conduction: spatial conduction is dealt with by shields
Shields
Shields refer to surrounding electromagnetic fields being shut out by enclosing the target object with
a metal plate or other protection as shown in Fig. 1-9.
Although the effects of shields generally depend on the conductivity, magnetic permeability and
thickness of the material used, the noise suppression for general electronic devices can achieve
sufficiently large effects with a very thin metal plate such as aluminum foil. You must be aware that
the effects of the noise suppression for electronic devices often depend on the connection method for
forming an enclosure (gaps, contact resistance etc.) rather than the material specifications.
EMI Supression
EMI Supression
EMI Supression
EMI Supression
EMI Supression
EMI Supression
EMI Supression
EMI Supression
EMI Supression
EMI suppression
http://www.ti.com/lit/an/szza009/szza009.pdf
https://www.murata.com/products/emc/emifil/knowhow/basic
https://resources.altium.com/presentations/pcb-design-techniques-to-reduce-emi
https://resources.altium.com/ebooks/pcb-design-techniques-to-reduce-emi-eboo
k
https://resources.orcad.com/blog/techniques-to-reduce-emi-in-your-pcb-designs
https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1327269#
Considerar las opciones Murata (Murata_EMILFIL_c31e-794748.pdf):
Ferrite Bead: BLM18PG121SN1
Capacitor Type: NFM18PS105D0J3
Common Mode Choque Coil: No
EMI Supression ("Intra-system EMC“) by muRata
Noise conduction: conductor conduction is dealt with by
filters
https://www.murata.com/-/media/webrenewal/support/library/catalog/products/emc/emifil/c31e.ashx?la=en-us
Example: Smartphone
Type Chip Ferrite Bead BLM Series
Type Chip Ferrite Bead BLM Series - Power Line Type
Type Chip 3-terminal capacitor NF Series
Type Chip 3-terminal capacitor NFM Series - Power Lines Type

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Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

Electromagnetic noises can be classified into

Thermal Noise, AKA Johnson Noise

1/f Noise, AKA Flicker Noise

This plot shows the noise density for a

Burst Noise, AKA Popcorn Noise

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