Mechanics

 To play this game, we shall be providing you

with questions that you shall answer which
are connected to our lesson.
 After answering correctly, a piece of the big
puzzle shall be revealed.
 There will be 9 questions in total, and the
person who answers correctly shall receive a
reward.
 1. Characterized as a process in
which molecules are moved using
external energy from an area of
lower concentration to a region of
greater concentration in opposition
to a gradient or an obstruction.
 Active
Transport
GROUP FOUR GALILEI
 Active
Transport
 Active transport is the movement of molecules or
ions across a cell membrane from a region of
lower concentration to a region of higher
concentration—against the concentration gradient.
 Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve
this movement.
Two Types
of Active
Transport
Two Types of Active Transport
2. This is also called directive
active transport which utilises
stored energy. What is it?
 Primary
Active
Transport
 Active Transport

 Primary active transport, or also known as directive

active transport, is said to describe transport
mechanisms that are directly coupled to the
consumption of metabolic energy.
 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is an example of this
energy.
 Primary Active Transport Example

 Examples of primary active transport include the

sodium-potassium pump, which helps maintain the
membrane potential, and the mitochondrial electron
transport chain.
 P-ATPase, F-ATPase, V-ATPase, and ABC transporters
are examples of proteins involved in primary active
transport.
 3. Based on the examples
given, what do you think is the
one used for the sodium
potassium cycle?
P-ATPase
 Primary Active Transport Example

 The sodium-potassium pump, which transports Na+ out of

cells and K+ into them, is one of the most significant pumps
in animal cells.
 The transport procedure is regarded as an example of
primary active transport because it utilises ATP as an energy
source.
 Primary Active Transport Example

 The sodium-potassium pump serves a critical

function in creating the voltage across the cell
membrane in animal cells, in addition to ensuring
that the proper concentrations of Na+ and K+ are
maintained in living cells.
 4. This helps animal cells contribute to
the betterment of homeostasis. In animal
cells, it is an electrogenic pump wherein
two potassium ions are pumped in the
cell while 3 sodium ions are pumped
outwards the cell.
• The Sodium-Potassium pump allows a balanced and stable concentration
(Higher concentration of Sodium outside the cell, and Higher level of
Potassium inside the cell) of potassium ions and sodium ions. Both in the
interior and exterior of the cell. If this pump would malfunction and stop working.
The cell’s membrane potential will change:
• The cell will swell due to the cell’s osmolarity being higher than the
osmolarity outside the cell.
• Water will flow inside the cell to try and balance the osmolarity. Rupturing
its own cell membrane, undergoing lysis. Basically disintegrating itself.
• The sodium-potassium pump transports sodium out of and
potassium into the cell in a repeating cycle of conformational
(shape) changes. In each cycle, three sodium ions exit the cell,
while two potassium ions enter.
5. By the process wherein _____ is
broken apart by water, _____ gives
the energy needed for Active
Transport Mechanisms to transport
molecules across a concentration
gradient.
 Adenosine
Triphosphate
The Cycle
1. With the enzyme oriented
towards the interior of the
cell, the carrier has a high
affinity for sodium ions.
Three ions bind the protein.

2. ATP is hydrolyzed by the

protein carrier and a low-
energy phosphate group
attaches it.

3. As a result, the carrier

changes and re-orients itself
towards the exterior of the
protein. The protein’s affinity
for sodium decreases and
the three sodium ions leave
the carrier.
4. The shape change
increases the carrier’s affinity
for potassium ions, and two
such ions attach to the protein.
Subsequently, the low-energy
phosphate group detaches the
carrier.

5. With the phosphate group

removed and potassium ions
attached, the carrier protein
repositions itself towards the
interior of the cell.

6. The carrier protein, in its

new configuration, has a
decreased affinity for
potassium, and the two ions
are released into the
cytoplasm. The protein now
has has a higher affinity for
sodium ions, and the process
starts again.
Two Types of Active Transport
 6. As a result of this, energy from
an ion's electrochemical gradient is
employed to propel the transport of
a different solute against either
concentration or electrochemical
gradient.
Secondary
Active
Transport
 Active
Transport

 Secondary active transport is a form of active transport across a

biological membrane in which a transporter protein couples the
movement of an ion (typically Na+ or H+) down its electrochemical
gradient to the uphill movement of another molecule or ion against a
concentration/electrochemical gradient.
 Thus, energy stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ion is used
to drive the transport of another solute against a concentration or
electrochemical gradient.
 Active
Transport

 Secondary active transport brings sodium ions into the cell, and as
sodium ion concentrations build outside the plasma membrane, an
electrochemical gradient is created.

 If a channel protein is open via primary active transport, the ions

will be pulled through the membrane along with other substances
that can attach themselves to the transport protein through the
membrane.
 Active
Transport

 Secondary active transport is used to store high-energy hydrogen

ions in the mitochondria of plant and animal cells for the production
of ATP.

 The potential energy in the hydrogen ions is translated into kinetic

energy as the ions surge through the channel protein ATP synthase,
and that energy is used to convert ADP into ATP.
The formation of the electrochemical gradient which enables the co-transport
7. In charge of enhancing intestinal
glucose absorption and recovering
glucose from the kidney's proximal
tubule after glomerular filtration.

Clue: It is a process that involves

sodium.
Glucose-
sodium
pump
 Glucose-sodium
Transport
 Put simply, the sodium-glucose pump describes
the way cells use salt ions to absorb glucose.

 The process is powered in three ways: electrical

changes, concentration gradient, and adenosine
triphosphate.
 8. This statement describes a way to power
the sodium-glucose pump.
“A positively charged ion is sodium. And
because of this, an electric charge is produced
as the sodium concentration increases.”

What is it?
Electrical
Charges
01 Electrical charges
Sodium is a positively-charged ion.
Therefore, as the concentration of
sodium builds up, an electric charge is
created. As anyone who has played
with magnets knows, electric charges
can power movement, even at the
microscopic cellular level.
03
ATP (which stands for adenosine
triphosphate) fuels the processes that take
place inside the cells. Glucose is crucial to the
production of ATP, which is why you have
always heard that “the body runs on glucose.”
02
As we recently discussed in our blog post
“Why is there salt in sweat?” if two
solutions are separated by a semipermeable
membrane, the concentration of ions
dissolved in those solutions tends to equalize
over time. In layman’s terms, this means that
if the concentration of sodium inside a cell is
different from the concentration of sodium
outside the cell, eventually the two
concentrations will equalize on their own.
 Active
Transport

Examples of secondary active transport are:

1. Glucose-sodium pump and
2. Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
 Secondary Active Transport Example

 The Ca2+ ATPases or Ca2+ pumps transport Ca2+ ions out of the cytosol, by
using the energy stored in ATP. The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger uses the chemical
energy of the Na+ gradient (the Na+ concentration is much higher outside than
inside the cell) to remove Ca2+ from the cytosol, Ca2+ pumps are found in the
plasma membrane and in the endoplasmic reticulum of the cells.
 The pumps are probably present in the membrane of other organelles, but little
experimental information is available on this matter. The Na+/Ca2+ exchangers
are located on the plasma membrane. A Na+/Ca2+ exchanger was found in the
mitochondria, but very little is known on its structure and sequence. These
transporters control the Ca2+ concentration in the cytosol and are vital to prevent
Ca2+ overload of the cells.
 9. Give a key difference between
the Primary and Secondary Active
Transport.
 Primary
Active
Transport
 The energy for primary  Secondary active
active transport is
derived directly from the
breakdown of ATP.
transport derives
energy secondarily from
energy stored in the
form of ionic
concentration
differences between
two sides of a
membrane.
Wrap Up
GROUP FOUR GALILEI