Principles of Test Construction N

Principles and Guidelines of
Test Construction
GERALDINE C. ORBETA, EdD

In this session, the participants are expected to:
1. Gain a clear understanding of the underlying principles and guidelines of test construction.
2. Revisit DepEd Order No. 8 series 2015.Policy Guidelines on Classroom Assessment for the K to 12
Basic Education Program
3. Recall the different types of test items.
4. Articulate the importance of proper test construction in improving the teaching and learning process.
1. What is a test?
2. Why do teachers give tests to students?
What is a test?
• It is a measuring tool to capture cognitive traits through paper and
pen.
• It is an assessment to measure a test taker’s knowledge, skill,
aptitude, physical fitness, performance, or classification in many other
topics.
Why do teachers give tests to students?
To measure student learning and growth ( increased
understanding and/or skill).
They tell us what students learned, how well they learned
it, and where they struggled.
Tests also provide feedback on the effectiveness of the

teacher’s methods and lesson materials.
How I will
construct good
test questions
suited for my
learners?
Do my knowledge on
constructing a good
test questions will
make me a better
teacher?
How will I improve my
knowledge in
constructing good
test?
Principles of Test Construction
)
What is Validity?
1. Validity- it refers to whether the test measures what it claims to
measure. Refers to the accuracy of a measure (whether the results
really do represent what they are supposed to measure)
Does the test measure all of the contents studied in the class?
Factors that impact the validity of an assessment:
a. Reading ability
b. Student self-efficacy
c. Student test anxiety level
What is Reliability?
-the extent to which the assessment and procedures of administering
the assessment are similar. It answers the question “ If I administer this
test again to the same students, is the score likely to move up or down
by a large amount or relatively stable.?
A test is reliable when it yields consistent results. Test scores
should be the same or similar each time the same person takes it.
Factors that impact the reliability of an assessment:

-Day-to-day changes in the student’s physical environment
-administration of the assessment
-the subjectivity of the test scorer.
What is Standardization?
A standardized test is a test that is given to
students in a very consistent manner: meaning
that the questions on the test are all the same,
the time given to each student is the same, and
the way in which the test is scored is the same
for all students.
What is Standardization?
A standardized test is any form of test that requires all test takers to
answer the same questions.
 It is a test that is administered and scored in a
consistent, or “ standard, manner.
Standardized Tests may be comprised of multiple choice, true-
false, matching type, and essay.
What are the types of tests that you know?
Types of Test Items
1. Objective Type
- require recognition and recall of subject matter. They have one
and only one, correct answer to each question.
a. Supply Type-examples: Labelling, Identification, Fill in the
Blank, Enumeration, Completion.
b. Selection Type-examples: multiple choice, Matching Type
Types of Test Items
2. Short Answer Type
- are open-ended question that requires students to create an answer, rather than
choose from a selection of responses. It requires a word, short phrase, number, or
symbol response.
- Question-What is the capital of the Philippines?______
- Completion-The capital of the Philippines is __________
Types of Test Items
3. Essay Type-a free test items.

-a question on a test or examination on a given topic
requiring a written analysis or explanation, usually of a
specified length.
-an examination question that requires an answer in a
sentence, paragraph, or short composition.
Why is a healthy lifestyle important to students?

Advantages of Essay Type:
-Easy to prepare.
-Useful in measuring certain abilities/skills.
-Permits examinee to write down comprehensively what he
knows of/about.
- Promote creativity and creative thinking.
- Eliminates guessing,
- Reduces spot copying
-Low printing cost
Limitations:
-minimum validity
-Lack of reliability
-No objectivity
-It is a time-consuming test
-Needs more time to check.
GUIDELINES in PREPARING AND
DEVELOPING TEST ITEMS
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education- National Capital Region
Division of City Schools-Valenzuela
GUIDELINES in PREPARING AND DEVELOPING TEST ITEMS

1. Write test items according to rules of construction for the type(s)
2. Select the item to be included in chosen.
the text according to table of specifications.
3. Review and edit items according to guidelines.
4. Arrange items: decide on
a) grouping of items c) sequence of groupings
b) sequence of items within groups.
5. Prepare directions for the test: if necessary, prepare directions for individual
Items (e.g, matching type ) or ( multiple choices item)
6. Decide on method of scoring.
PRINCIPLES in PREPARING AND DEVELOPING TEST ITEMS

1. Test items must be appropriate for the learning outcome to be
measured.
2. Test items should measure all types of instructional objectives and the
whole content area.
3. The test items should be free from ambiguity.
4. The test items should be of appropriate difficulty level.
5. The test item must be free from technical errors and irrelevant clues.
6. Test items should be free from racial, ethnic and sexual biasness
GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST

ITEMS
 Multiple choice items are considered to be among the most versatile of
all item types.
 It can be used to test factual recall as well as levels of understanding and
ability to apply learning. The multiple choices tests can be used to test
the ability to:
a. Recall memorized information

b. Apply theory to routine cases
c. Apply theory to novel situations
d. Use judgement in analyzing and evaluating
SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST ITEMS

UNDESIRABLE DESIRABLE
1. When possible, state the stem as a Alloys are ordinarily produced by How are alloys ordinarily produced?
direct question rather than incomplete …………
statement
HALIMBAWA:
Ang isinagot ni Cardo sa tanong ni Ana Ano ang isinagot ni Cardo sa tanong ni Ana?
ay_______________________

2.Present a definite, explicit and Psychology……. The science of mind and behavior is
singular question or problem in the called_______
stem.
Ang Pandiwa ay________________ Ang salitang nagsasaad ng kilos ay tinatawag

na ______________.

3. Eliminate excessive verbiage or While ironing her formal, Jane burned Which of the following ways of heat
irrelevant information from the stem. her hand accidentally on the hot iron. transfer explains why Jane’s hand was
This was due to transfer of heat burned after she touched the hot iron?
between….
1. May tindahan si Nena. Kahapon, napansin 1. ___________ si Nena ng bawang kahapon.

niyang wala ng bawang sa tindahan. Kaya A. bibili
nagpunta siya sa palengke at ___________ ng B. binibili
bawang. C. bumibili
A. bibili C. bumibili D. bumili
B. binibili D. bumili
4. Use negatively stated items sparingly. Which of the following is not cited as Which of the following is NOT cited as
When used, underline and/or capitalized accomplishment of the Duterte accomplishement of the Duterte
the negative word Administration? Administration?
Aling pangungusap ang hindi ginamitan ng pang-uri na nasa Aling pangungusap ang HINDI ginamitan ng pang-uri na nasa
kailanang dalawahan? kailanang dalawahan?
A. Mabilis magbasa si Roel kaya lubos siyang A. Mabilis magbasa si Roel kaya lubos siyang
hinahangaan ni Carl. hinahangaan ni Carl.
B. Kapwa masipag ang mga anak ni Aling Iska, lagi B. Kapwa masipag ang mga anak ni Aling Iska, lagi
siyang tinutulungan sa mga gawaing bahay. siyang tinutulungan sa mga gawaing bahay.
C. Parehong masunurin ang magkaklaseng JR at C. Parehong masunurin ang magkaklaseng JR at
Leo kaya kinatutuwaan sila ng kanilang mga guro. Leo kaya kinatutuwaan sila ng kanilang mga guro.
D. Magkasingtangkad ang magkapatid na Steve at D. Magkasingtangkad ang magkapatid na Steve at
Sam kaya madalas silang napagkakamalang Sam kaya madalas silang napagkakamalang
kambal. kambal.
5. Make an alternative plausible and What process is most nearly the What process is most nearly the
attractive to the less knowledgeable or opposite of photosynthesis? opposite of photosynthesis?
skillful student. A. Digestion C. Respiration A, Digestion C. Respiration
B. Assimilation D. Catabolism B. Assimilation D. Exertion
Ibinuhos ko ang lahat ___________pagmamahal Ibinuhos ko ang lahat ___________pagmamahal

ko sa kanya. ko sa kanya.
A. aking C. nang A. na C. ng
B. kong D. ng B. nang D. sa
6. Make the alternatives mutually The daily minimum required amount of The daily minimum required amount of
exclusive milk that a 10 years old child should milk that a 10 years old child should
drink is drink is
A. 1-2 glasses C. 3-4 glasses A. 1 glass C. 3 glasses
B. 2-3 glasses D. at least 4 glass B. 2 glasses D. 4 glasses
Ang inererekomendang haba ng oras ng Ang inererekomendang haba ng oras ng

pagtulog ng isang sanggol ay dapat pagtulog ng isang sanggol ay dapat
A. 9 hanggang 12 na oras A. 9 na oras
B. 12 hanggang 14 na oras B. 12 na oras
C. 14 hanggang 16 na oras C. 14 na oras
D. 16 hanggang 19 na oras D. 16 na oras
7.Make alternatives The most general cause of low The most general cause of low individual incomes in
approximately equal in individual incomes in the country is the country is
length. A. Lack of productive services to sell A. Lack of productive services to sell
B. Unwillingness to work B. The populations overall Unwillingness to work
C. Automation C. The nation’s increased reliance to automation
D. inflation D. An increasing national level of inflation
Ano ang kapakinabangan ang makukuha sa basura batay sa Ano ang kapakinabangan ang makukuha sa basura batay sa
sanaysay? sanaysay?
A. makapupulot dito ng pera A. makapupulot dito ng pera

B. mapagkukunan ito ng methane gas B. mapagkukuhanan ito ng methane gas
C. ito ang magsisilbing generator na pagkukunan ng C. mapagkukuhanan ng kuryente
kuryente D. maaaring pagkakitaan ng malaking halaga
D. maraming maaari pang ibenta at pagkakitaan
ng malaking halaga
8.Include in the stem any In National elections in the United States, the In National elections in the United
word(s) that might otherwise President is officially: States, the President is officially chosen
be repeated in each A. Chosen by the people by:
alternatives. B. Chosen by the member of congress A. the people
C. Chosen by the House of Representatives B. the member of congress
D. Chosen by the electoral college C. the House of Representatives
D. the electoral college
Masaya silang nagkukuwentuhan __________. 1. Masaya silang nagkukwentuhan _________
pinanonood ang paglubog ng araw.
A. bago pinanonood ang paglubog ng araw A. bago
B. kahit pinanonood ang paglubog ng araw B. habang
C. habang pinanonood ang paglubog ng araw C. kahit
D. sapagkat pinanonood ang paglubog ng araw D. sapagkat
9. Use atleast four The most general cause of low individual The most general cause of low individual
alternatives for each item to incomes in the country is incomes in the country is
lower the probability of ( lack of productive services to sell, A. Lack of productive services to sell
getting the item correct by unwillingness to work) B. The populations overall Unwillingness
guessing. to work
C. The nation’s increased reliance to
automation
D. An increasing national level of inflation
1. Ito ay naglalaman ng datos at impormasyon tungkol 1. Ito ay naglalaman ng datos at impormasyon
sa mga pangyayari sa loob at labas ng bansa araw tungkol sa mga pangyayari sa loob at labas ng
araw. bansa araw araw.
( balita, editoryal) A. balita C. lathalain
B. editoryal D. liham sa editor
10. Avoid the use of The most general cause of low individual The most general cause of low individual
alternatives “none of the incomes in the country is incomes in the country is
above and all of the above” ( lack of productive services to sell, A. Lack of productive services to sell
as the correct response unwillingness to work) B. The populations overall Unwillingness
to work
C. The nation’s increased reliance to
automation
D. An increasing national level of inflation
Sa anong bahagi ng talumpati maipakikita Sa anong bahagi ng talumpati maipakikita
ang pinakamahalagang punto at ang pinakamahalagang punto at
argumento patungkol sa paksa? Argumento patungkol sa paksa?
A. Argumentasyon C. Introduksyon A. Argumentasyon C. Introduksyon

B. Diskusyon D. Wala sa nabanggit B. Diskusyon D. Layunin
11. Use capital letters In National elections in the United States, the In National elections in the United States, the
( A,B,C,D) as a response President is officially chosen by: President is officially chosen by:
signs rather than the A. the people
lowercase letters ( “a gets a. the people B. the member of congress
confused with “d” and “c” b. the member of congress C. the House of Representatives
with “a”, if the type or c. the House of Representatives D. the electoral college
duplication is poor d. the electoral college
Tuwing araw ng Linggo nagsisimba ang aming pamilya. Tuwing araw ng Linggo nagsisimba ang aming
Anong uri ng pang- abay ang maysalungguhit? pamilya. Anong uri ng pang- abay ang
a. panlunan maysalungguhit?
b. pamaraan A. pamanahon
c. pamanahon B. pamaraan
d. panang-ayon C. panang-ayon
D. panlunan
12. Randomly distribute the correct response 1. A 1. A
among the alternatives position throughout the 2. A 2. B
test, having approximately the same proportion 3. A 3. C
of alternatives A, B, C and D as the correct 4. B 4. A
response 5. A 5. D
13.When possible, present alternatives in some Ito ay naglalaman ng datos at Ito ay naglalaman ng datos at
logical order( chronological, most to least, impormasyon tungkol sa mga impormasyon tungkol sa mga
alphabetical) pangyayari sa loob at labas ng bansa pangyayari sa loob at labas ng bansa
araw araw. araw araw.
A. lathalain A. balita
B. editoryal B. editoryal
C. liham sa editor C. lathalain
D. balita D. liham sa editor
In Summary:
Multiple Choice Test Item is good for Application, synthesis, analysis and
evalution levels.
Multiple Choice Test Items maybe in types of question/right answer,
incomplete statement and best answer
ADVANTAGES: very effective, versatile in all levels, minimum of writing

for student, guessing reduced, can cover broad range of content
DISADVANTAGES: difficult to construct good test items, difficult to

come up with plausible distractors/alternative responses
Session Requirements:
Construct test items for the following types of tests.
1. Objective type:
a. Supply Type- 5 test questions (Labelling, Identification, Fill in
the Blank, Enumeration, Completion)
b. Selection Type- Multiple Choice -5 test questions
2. One (1) Short Answer Type Question
3. One (1) Essay Type Question
Life
is like a multiple-choice test.
Sometimes the choices
Confuse you, not the
Question itself.
Thank you…
Ma’am Ge

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Principles of Test Construction N

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Principles and Guidelines of

GERALDINE C. ORBETA, EdD

Tests also provide feedback on the effectiveness of the

Factors that impact the validity of an assessment:

Factors that impact the reliability of an assessment:

3. Essay Type-a free test items.

Why is a healthy lifestyle important to students?

GUIDELINES in PREPARING AND DEVELOPING TEST ITEMS

PRINCIPLES in PREPARING AND DEVELOPING TEST ITEMS

GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST

a. Recall memorized information

SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST ITEMS

SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST ITEMS

Ang Pandiwa ay________________ Ang salitang nagsasaad ng kilos ay tinatawag

SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST ITEMS

1. May tindahan si Nena. Kahapon, napansin 1. ___________ si Nena ng bawang kahapon.

Ibinuhos ko ang lahat _pagmamahal Ibinuhos ko ang lahat _pagmamahal

Ang inererekomendang haba ng oras ng Ang inererekomendang haba ng oras ng

A. makapupulot dito ng pera A. makapupulot dito ng pera

A. Argumentasyon C. Introduksyon A. Argumentasyon C. Introduksyon

ADVANTAGES: very effective, versatile in all levels, minimum of writing

DISADVANTAGES: difficult to construct good test items, difficult to

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