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Piping Systems
tm = PDo/2(SEq + PY) + A = t + A
where:
P = Internal design pressure
Do = pipe outside diameter
S = the pipe material allowable stress, S is for the
listed pipe material at hot temperature
E = quality factor
Y = stress-temperature compensating factor.
Design of pressure components
The E FACTOR is a “allowable stress penalty” based on
the method of manufacture of the pipe. It is based on the
quality of the weld in seam-welded pipe and will have a
value ranging from E = 0.6 for FURNACE BUTT
WELDED (FBW) to E = 1.0 for SEAMLESS PIPE,
(SMLS). This FACTOR is a carry-over from the old days
where pipe was manufactured using rivets.
PT = 1.5(ST/S)(Design Pressure)
Multiple miters are, whose angle of miter cut is less than 22.5 degrees,
limited to a pressure that will generate HOOP STRESSES not to
exceed 50% of the yield strength of the material at temperature.
This is done by restricting the maximum pressure to the lesser value
as calculated by equations (4a) or (4b) in the code.
Single miters, or miters whose bend angle is greater than 22.5 degrees
is limited to HOOP STRESSES of 20 % of the yield of the material
at temperature by equation (4c).
Design of pressure components
Designers wishing to use miters in a system but do not wish to pay this
pressure penalty can simply increase the wall thickness of the miter,
thus reducing the HOOP STRESS to values less than the Code
limit. This technique seems straight forward, but one question
remains, where does the miter start? The code provides a method
to determine the distance the miter extends into the straight pipe.
Pm =(119266*5.8/452.5) * 5.8/[5.8+0.643tan(22.5)*√(452.5*5.8)
Pm = 455 kPa
Pm =(17300*0.228/17.813) * 0.228/[0.228+0.643tan(22.5)*√(17.813*0.228)
Pm = 66 psig
Design of pressure components
The maximum pressure for this piping system containing a miter with θ=
30° is 205 kPa (30 psig).
If the maximum pressure of this system were greater than 205 kPa, (30
psig), then the designer would have to either change θ to a lesser
angle or increase the wall thickness of the miter and recalculate Pm.
Design of pressure components
Branch Connection
Design of pressure components
Branch Connection
Branch Connections
Branch connections are made in piping systems by any one of several
methods. These could be tees, pad reinforced or unreinforced
intersections, crosses, integrally reinforced weld-on or weld-in
contoured insert fittings, or extrusions. [ 304.3.1].
A2+ A3 + A4 ≥ A1
Design of pressure components
Branch Connection
Area replacement rules of B3 1.3 are valid for branch connections meeting
the following conditions:
1) the run pipe diameter to thickness ratio (Dh/Th) is less than 100 and the
branch to run diameter ratio (Db/Dh) is not greater than 1.0.
2) for run pipe with (Dh/Th) ≥100 the branch diameter Db is less that one- half
the run diameter Dh.
4) the centerline axis of the branch intersects the centerline axis of the run.
Run pipe: DN 200 Nom. Wall 8.2 mm (NPS 8 Sch 40) ASTM A53 GrB.
Branch pipe: DN 100 Nom. Wall 6.0 mm (NPS 4 Sch 40 ASTM A53 Gr
B SMLS
P = 4135 kPa (600 psig), T = 204º C (400º F), c = 2.5mm (0.10 in).
Design of pressure components
Branch Connection
Design of pressure components
Branch Connection
Example
A, metric area replacement calculation for an intersection:
DN 200, P = 8.2 mm x DN 100, T = 6.0 mm, UNREINFORCED FABRICATED
TEE.
The retest with the pad in example B yields about 200% replaced area,
the code requirements for pressure design of the intersection are
satisfied. The pad was made from excess run pipe. The pad OD
selected for this intersection is 203.2 mm (8 inches).
Design of pressure components
Branch Connection
Example B, metric, intersection: DN 200, th=8.2 Nom. wall x DN 100, tb=6.0
mm Nom. wall, 900 PAD REINFORCED INTERSECTION, Pad
dimensions: Tr = 8.2mm, dia = 203.2 mm. (Mill tol. 12.5%)
A = (area of PAD: 7.2(203.2 - 114.3) = 640 mm2 (pad OD = 203.2 mm), plus
weld metal, (2tc2 + 0.51Tr2 = 68.9 mm2 within the reinforcing zone,
tc = 4.2 mm) = 708.9 mm2
A5 = A2 + A3 + A4 = 830 mm
BREAK
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Pipe Supporting
Pipe Supporting
The objective during the pipe supports design
phase is to prevent the following:
• overstress of piping
• leakage at joints
• overstress of supports
• excessive forces on equipment
• excessive interference with thermal expansion
• excessive pipe sag (especially for piping requiring drain)
• excessive heat flow, exposing support to temperature
outside their limits
• Etc..
Pipe Supporting
The purpose of pipe supports is to control the weight effects of the
piping system, as well as loads caused by pressure thrust, vibration,
wind, earthquake, shock, and thermal displacement. The weight
effects to be considered shall be the greater of operating or hydro-
test loads.
The B3 1.3 guidance for pipe support types and materials of
construction is presented in the B31 .3 TABLE 326.1 LISTED
STANDARD, MSS SP-58.
The material selection for clamps and bolts, for example, is of
particular importance in elevated temperature service. SP-58
assistance would be in the selection of a clamp material for example
in 750F (400C) service.
A review of the tables in SP-58 reveal that Carbon Steel clamp
material would not be suitable, nor would the common type bolting,
ASTM A307 used in clamps.
The designer would be guided to use an alloy steel for the clamp
such as ASTM A240 and ASTM A193-Grade B7 bolts.
Pipe Supporting - Span
Pipe Support Span, based on deflection
Pipe support span is a decision that faces the designer in most pipe supporting
jobs. As a guide to the selection of support spacing, the following equation
based on permissible mid span deflection is offered.
The permissible mid-span deflection, y, concept is one technique commonly
selected for support spacing. This technique is based on a specified mid-
span, y deflection of the supported pipe considering the pipe, contents, and
insulation weights. The equation is:
L= [y.E.I / 22.5.W]¼
where:
L = pipe support spacing, feet,
y = permissible mid-span deflection, inches
E = modulus of elasticity at design temperature, lb/in (TABLE C-6(
I = moment of inertia of pipe.
W = weight of supported pipe, including pipe, contents, insulation, lb/ft.
Pipe Supporting - Span
Pipe Support Span, based on stress
L= [0.33.Z.Sh / W]1/2
where:
L = pipe support spacing, feet,
Z = section modulus, in3
Sh = Allowable tensile stress for pipe materialat design temp., psi
W = weight of supported pipe, including pipe, contents, insulation, lb/ft.
Pipe Supporting - Span
Pipe Supporting - Span
An example of the deflection pipe span approach is :
What is the span of a seamless ASTM A106 Grade B, 6.625 inch OD, 0.28 inch wall
thick, water filled pipe with 3 inch of insulation with a design temperature of 400 F?
The specifications limit the mid-span deflection to 0.25 inch .
Solution:
Determine the uniform load, pounds per foot .
Pipe = 19.0 lbs per ft
Water = 12.5 lbs per ft
Insulation = 7.6 lbs per ft ( 85 % Magnesia Calcium Silicate)
then ,W = 39.1 lb per ft
I = ( π /64)(Do4 – Di4), Do = 6.625, Di = 6.065
I = 28.14 in4
E = 27.7 x 106 psi, Table C-6, C ≤ 0.3 at 400°F.
finally, L = [ 0.25x27.7x106 x28.14/(17. 1x39. 1)]1/4
L = 23 feet span
The pipe support spacing would be 23 feet with a mid span deflection of 1/4 inch .
Pipe Supporting - Drainage
Drainage
Example Problem:
1-Problem Description.
1. Hot systems
a. The temperature range is from 120F (50C) to 450F (230C). Typical
examples are low-pressure steam, hot water and certain process
piping.
b. The temperature range is from 450F (230C) to 650F (340C). Typical
examples are boiler plant and industrial steam and hot-water piping
systems.
c. The temperature ranges from 750F (400C) and higher. A typical
example is a high-pressure steam power-plant piping system
d. In the temperature range 650F and higher, there is the possibility of
metallurgical change if unalloyed carbon steel is used. It is
suggested that hangers, anchors, and supports for piping which
operates at above 650 F be of materials at least equal to those of
the piping system itself.
Selection of Pipe supporting
Devices
2. Ambient systems in which the contents of the pipe are not
heated or cooled by mechanical means. Temperatures
would range up to 120 F. Plant air and service water would
be typical systems
3. Cold systems
a. The temperatures range upward from 32 F. A typical
example would be chilled water piping
b. The temperature ranges downward from 32 to minus 20F,
as in brine systems
c. Below minus 20 F, as in cryogenic systems
Selection of Pipe supporting
Devices
.
Selection of Pipe supporting
Devices
Pipe Attachments. Hangers for the various systems described above
may be selected from fig.11 in accordance with the following
recommendations:
For Type 1c systems, alloy hangers are used as required by the line
temperature. Hangers should be of Types 2, 3, or 8 with saddles
of Type 39, items 1 or 2, and the rollers of Types 41 through 47
Selection of Pipe supporting
Devices
For Type 2 systems, hangers can be of Types 1 and 3 through 12
with supports of Types 24, 26, and 35 through 38
QUESTIONS
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Stiffness & Flexibility
Prismatic member, straight members of uniform cross
sectional area. They are the building blocks of structural
engineering and also piping software packages. Assuming
that the displacements are small, so that shortening of the
beam due to bending, may be ignored.
T = [Ro 0 ]
[0 Ro]
Stiffness & Flexibility
Basic requirements:
Specific requirements:
Sc and Sh are the basic allowable stresses for the cold and hot
conditions as defined in Section 1.3.4. Sc and Sh values are
found in B31.3 Appendix A TABLE A-1.
this factor can be selected from the table shown below or can
be calculated by equation of B31.3 as:
f=6.0(N-0.2)≤1.0
Expansion & Stresses
•Although equations are both the allowable stress, SA, for the
calculated thermal displacement stress range, SE, each
equation has a specific application.
Consider a simple two anchor piping layout and construct a line drawn
connecting the two anchors. Estimate the center of gravity.
Flexibility is increased when the added pipe moves the center of
gravity away from this line of thrust.
Expansion & Stresses