1.

Describe the IUPAC

nomenclature of
aldehydes, ketones,
carboxylic acids and esters
2. Show the structure of
aldehydes, ketones,
carboxylic acids, and
esters; and
3. Discuss the properties
of aldehydes, ketones,
carboxylic acids, and
esters.
Lesson 1- Aldehydes
and Ketones
 Aldehydes derive their
name from the
dehydration of alcohols.
 This is considered as the
most important functional
group, often called as
formyl or methanoyl group.
 Aldehydes and ketones are
organic compounds to form with
a carbonyl functional group,
C=O.
 The carbon in this group has
two bonds that can be ties
with hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl
substituents.
 If hydrogen is attached, the
compound is aldehyde. If
not, hydrogen is the
substituents, the
compound is ketones.
How aldehydes
and ketones
were given their
IUPAC Nomenclature for
Aldehydes and Ketones
 The stem names of aldehydes
and ketones are taken from the
1. parent alkanes, which are
characterized by the functional
group's longest continuous
chain (LCC) of carbon atoms.
 Remove the –e from the
2. alkane name and replace it
with the suffix –al for an
aldehyde.
 To make a ketone, remove
3. the –e from the alkane
name and replace it with
the suffix –one.
 The carbonyl carbon atom is
usually considered to be C1
when indicating the position
4. of a substituent on an
aldehyde; this group does
not need to be designated
by a number.
 Number the chain in such a way
that the carbonyl carbon atom
has the lowest feasible number
5. to indicate the position of a
substituent on a ketone. The
carbonyl carbon atom in cyclic
ketones is considered to be C1.
 When there are two aldehyde
groups in the parent chain, the
suffix – dial is used instead of -
6. al.The parent name of such
aldehydes is often of the form
alkanedial or alkenedial, because
the suffix –dial does not begin
with a vowel.
The –e at the end of the parent
alkane or alkene's name is not
dropped in this case.
 When the -CHO group is
attached to a ring, the
7. compound is called a
carbaldehyde.
 Multiple substituents of the same
kind are combined and given a
8. prefix to indicate the number. (di-,
tri-, tetra-) these prefixes do not
count towards alphabetical order
unless they are part of a branched
substituent.
 Carbonyls as
9. substituents are
oxo- groups.
 Cycloalkanes with a single carbon
–CHO (formyl) group attached
10. are given the base name:
cycloalkanecarbaldehyde.
Let’s try this!

1. Name this structure.

Solution:

a. There are five carbon atoms in the longest

carbon chain.
b. The substituent group is methyl (CH3) attached to the
second carbon atom of the chain. Carbon atom
where the aldehyde is attached is always the C1.
c. There are five carbon atoms in the chain,
so the parent/stem name is pentane.
Dropped -e and add suffix -al.

Pentane pentan + al = pentanal

d. The name is derived from
pentane. Dropping the -e and
adding the ending -al gives
pentanal. The methyl group on the
second carbon atom makes the
name 2-methylpentanal.
2. What is the IUPAC name of this compound?
Solution:

a. There are 5 carbon atoms in the longest chain of carbon.

b. The carbonyl carbon atom is C3, and there are methyl groups
on C2 and C4.
c. The IUPAC name is 2,4-dimethyl-3-
pentanone.
3.
a. The ring contains a total of
six carbon atoms.
b. Cyclohexanone is the compound.
c. Because all six carbon atoms
are equal, no number is
necessary to identify the
position of the carbonyl
group.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
KETONES AND ALDEHYDES
•Physical State
Methane is a gas with a strong odor.
Ethanal is a highly flammable liquid.
Other aldehydes and ketones with more
than eleven carbon atoms are colorless
liquids, while those with more than
eleven carbon atoms are solids.
 Smell
Except for the lower carbon aldehydes, which
have an unpleasant odor, all other aldehydes
and ketones have a pleasant odor.The odor
becomes less strong and more fragrant as the
molecule size increases. Many naturally
occurring aldehydes and ketones have been
employed in the formulation of perfumes and
flavorings.
•Solubility
Water is miscible with aldehydes and
ketones with four carbon atoms. This is
because the polar carbonyl group and water
molecules form a hydrogen bond. However,
as the length of the alkyl chain grows longer,
the solubility of aldehydes and ketones in
water falls significantly (carbon chain).
•Solubility

As a result, higher members containing

more than four carbon atoms are
effectively water insoluble. All aldehydes
and ketones are soluble in organic
solvents such as benzene, ether,
chloroform, and alcohol (like dissolves
like).
• Boiling Point
Aldehydes and ketones have greater boiling
temperatures than non-polar molecules
(hydrocarbons) or weakly polar compounds with
similar molecular weights. Their boiling point, on
the other hand, is lower than that of equivalent
alcohols or carboxylic acids. This is because
aldehydes and ketones are polar substances with
adequate dipole-dipole interactions
intermolecularly (between molecules).
 CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF
KETONES AND
ALDEHYDES
Aldehydes and ketones have
polar carbonyl groups in their
molecules, which gives them
chemical characteristics.
1. Reaction With Hydrogen Cyanide

Aldehydes and ketones both react

with hydrogen cyanide to produce
cyanohydrins, a new substance.
2. Reaction With Sodium Bisulphite

When treated with a saturated

solution of sodium bisulphite, both
aldehydes and ketones form
bisulphite adducts, crystalline
addition compounds.
3. Reaction With Grignard Reagents

Grignard reagent reacts with aldehydes

and ketones to produce addition
products. When water hydrolyzes the
added product, alcohol is produced.
4. Reaction With Alcohols

In the presence of dry HCl gas, aldehydes

react with alcohols to form gem-dialkoxy
compounds. Acetals are the name for these
chemicals.
Name of Compound Properties Product (Attach picture)
1.

2.
Make a
compilation of
3.
the different
4. products
5. containing
aldehydes and
6.
ketones.
7.
Follow the
8. format given
9.
below.
10.