LIGHTING

SOURCES
Prepared By: John Mark M. Daz
GENERAL REMARKS
(a). The incandescent lamp; including the
tungsten-halogen types.

(b). The gaseous discharge lamp, which

includes the well-known fluorescent
neon, and mercury lamps , plus the more
recent metal-halide and sodium
lamps; and

(c). The electroluminescent sources.

EFFECIENCY
The efficiency of a light source is termed its
efficacy and is measured in lumens per watt. The
table below lists efficacies of modern light
sources, including ballast losses where applicable.
EFFICACY
of Modern light Sources

In general, efficacy increases

with wattage; therefor it is
energy-economical to use a
small number of higher-wattage
lamps than the' reverse.
DAYLIGHTING
DESIGN FACTORS OF DAYLIGHTING AS A LIGHTING
DESIGN FACTOR
- The option of ignoring daylight in our high-energy-
cost and energy resources-poor society is no longer
available. That being the case, the designer must learn
to cope with special problems that daylight use presents
in order to reap its benefits. Since daylight is variabie it
creates special problems of glare control, direct sunlight
control, and heat-gain limitation.
PSALI
Permanent Supplementary Artificial
Lighting in Interiors

The PSALI technique recognizes that non-

residential buildings are principally used during
daylight hours and that sufficient daylight is
generally available during these hours to provide
much of the structures lighting needs. Understood
with this statement are the well-founded
assumptions that;
 A.
The same visual performances
can be achieved with less
daylight than artificial light,
when compared on a footcandle
B.
basis
Current footcandle recommendations
can be reduced appreciably without
noticeable depreciation of visual
performance of most tasks.

C.
Daylight and artificial light can be readily and
successfully combined, that is, that artificial light can
supplement daylight when the latter is insufficient.
 CHARACTERISTICS
of Outdoor Illumination

A. FACTORS

1. Altitude and azimuth, latitude, date, time of day)

2. Weather conditions (cloud, cover, smog)
3. Effects of local terrain (natural and man-made obstructions
and reflections}.
The position of the sun in the sky is
expressed in terms of its altitude above
the horizon and its azimuth angle. The
latter is defined as its horizontal position
angles, measured from the south. Both
are ·normally expressed in degrees
 CHARACTERISTICS
of Outdoor Illumination

B. SKY CONDITIONS

1. Should an accurate calculation be attempted, based on a specific location,

or should prevailing weather and its attendant sky conditions be used?

2. The sun's values of exterior illumination should be used in calculating

interior levels in view of the daily and seasonal changes?

3. What degree of accuracy is necessary?

 CHARACTERISTICS
of Outdoor Illumination

B. SKY CONDITIONS

When using hand methods (as opposed to computers), it is not

practical to calculate hourly, daily, or even monthly variations. It is
sufficient to establish four basic sky conditions, which can then be
used with the specific design approach desired these are:

1. Completely overcast sky

2. Clear sky, without sun
3. Clear sky, with sun
4. Partly cloudy sky
INTERIOR
DAYLIGHTING
FACTORS TO CONSIDER
A. HORIZONTAL and VERTICAL SURFACES

- Since the sky component of daylight enters side fenestration at an angle, it can be
resolved into horizontal and vertical components, as shown in this figure.
B. WINDOWS DETAILS

- The effect of window construction on total fenestration area reduction is often

neglected even windows with narrow mullions and light metal frames have 8 to
10% obstruction, heavy window supports and small glass, lights can result
proportional daylight reduction. Further obstruction readily results from dust
accumulation, wired glass, and mechanical system items such as pipes and ducts
inside the room, adjacent to windows.
C. SURFACE REFLECTIONS

- Interior reflections are very important in daylight design. In addition to

determining the magnitude of the internally reflected light component (lRC)
within the room, they determine in large measure the eye adaption level. A
high adaptation level is desirable to avoid a sensation of glare when the
window and its immediate surround are in the field of vision.
C. SURFACE REFLECTIONS

- Exterior surface reflection can provide the deep daylight penetration that
is required for effective daylighting. Thus a concrete or light painted
provide surface (RF of 50 to 70%) will furnish 1/4 to 2/3 of the light
incident on a windows depending on shading and orientation. When
combined with a hi9h-reflectance ceiling, optimal interior distribution is
achieved.
D. GLARE AND HEAT CONTROL

1. Provide high-reflectance surfaces particularly toward the back

of the room where daylight factor is low.

2. Building orientation is the factor that determines which areas

are exposed to natural glare and heat extremes.
D. GLARE AND HEAT CONTROL

2.a. Southern exposure receives maximum overall daylight but

without the extremes associated with low sun angles, except at a
high latitudes.

2.b. Northern exposure receive minimum daylight and no direct

sun. As a result levels are low but relatively constant throughout
the day.
D. GLARE AND HEAT CONTROL

2.c. East and west exposures receive extremes of light and heat because of
low sun angles in early morning and late afternoon. Heat build-up on west
exposure in very cold months can be almost as severe as summer because of
the low sun angle
D. GLARE AND HEAT CONTROL

3. Provide fixed sunshades on sun exposures at low altitudes;

and operable sun control devices on sun exposures at all
latitudes. A few of the common types are shown in the figure
below. Vertical devices are effective for low sun angles
horizontal at high sun angles. The latter are also useful to
reflect incoming skylight onto the ceiling.
Roll shades Venetian blinds Drapes
Shade screens Awnings Louvers
Low Transmittance Glazing Light Directing Glass
Blocks
D. GLARE AND HEAT CONTROL

4. Translucent. limited-brightness, glass or plastic fenestration including light

directing glass block just below the ceiling line and above the vision panels
(clear windows) provides maximum penetration and minimum glare.
D. GLARE AND HEAT CONTROL

5. Tinted windows and heat-reflective films are not usually desirable, except
in retrofit installations, because they affect the quality of daylight (the day/
night appearance of the structures is also affected. During daylight hours
vision out is possible and vision in is blocked. The reverse is true at night)
D. GLARE AND HEAT CONTROL

6. Orient furniture so that daylight comes from the left side or the rear of the
line of sight. Never face a window except one northern exposure and no
exterior glare sources in the line of sight.
D. GLARE AND HEAT CONTROL

7. Sunlight reflection from adjacent structures can be a source of intense glare

and heat. Orientation, vegetation, fixed shading are possible solutions to
this problem.
CONSERVATION
For Energy Conservation, wall and ceiling designs that
admit daylight without excessive
attendant heat gain and direct glare are most desirable.
These rely principally on utilizing
reflected daylight.
• Salvan, G. S. (1999). Architectural utilities
3: Lighting and acoustics: The new ladder
REFERENCES
This presentation is used for educational purposes
type curriculum. JMC Press.
only thus, copyright infringement is not intended.
 THANKS! PREPARE BY: JOHN MARK M. DAZ

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