Unit- 04

DAY LIGHTING and NATURAL

VENTILATION

1. Daylight Factor
2. Daylight Analysis
3. Daylight & Shading Devices
4. Types of Ventilation
5. Ventilation & Building Design
 The perception of space is directly connected to the
way light integrates with it.
Due to the light, it is possible to perceive different
atmospheres in the same physical environment.
Light constitutes an element of fundamental
relevance and therefore it plays a significant role in the
in architecture.
The required illumination can be provided by
daylight through windows and/ or by artificial light in
the form of tubelights and lamps.
Light has a major effect on the way one perceives
spaces and their functions. Sufficient light is required to
carry out everyday tasks in homes, offices and factories.
 Building components such as windows and
skylights, which admit light, enable a visual
communication with the outside world.
Daylighting is more than just adding skylights or
windows to a particular space. The art & science for
daylight is about how to provide enough natural light to
an occupied space without any undesirable side effect.
Successful daylighting is about the use of shading
device to reduce excess contrast & glare in the
workspace.
Besides, plentiful daylight also has energy-saving
implications. Since most buildings are largely used
during the daytime, effective daylighting makes
economic sense.
The daylight received on the earth’s surface is
composed of

•Direct light (light directly received from the sun)

•Diffuse light (light received from all parts of the sky

due to atmospheric scattering and reflection)

•Externally reflected light (by the ground or other

buildings)

•Internally reflected light (from walls, ceiling and other

internal surfaces)
Distribution of
daylight
The availability of light within a building mainly
depends on

•Planform,

•Orientation,

•The location and size of openings,

•Characteristics of glazing, and

•Internal reflections.
Orientation and Built form :
•Buildings can be located and oriented to take advantage
of sun’s movement throughout the day, as well as
seasonal variations.

•Buildings that are longer on their east-west axis are

better for daylighting and visual comfort.

•Large buildings can get daylight into more spaces by

having central courtyard or atrium, or having other cut-
outs in the building form.

•Increasing the height of each storey to allow for higher

windows also helps pull daylight further into the
building.
Through openings:

•Determine the window size, height and glazing

treatments for each facade separately.

•North-facing windows provide consistent indirect light

with minimal heat gains.

•There is a direct relationship between the height of the

window head and the depth of daylight (Typically
adequate daylight will penetrate one and one half times
the height of the window head).

•Use skylights and roof monitors to areas where there is

no easy access to windows.
Daylight Factor :
It is the Ratio of light level inside a structure to the
light level outside the structure.

The three components contributing to daylight factor

are:
1. sky component (SC),
2. externally reflected component (ERC), and
3. internally reflected component (IRC)
Sky component (SC) - The area of sky visible from the point
considered and its average altitude angle ,window size and
position in relation to the point, thickness of window frame,
quality of glass and its clearness, and any external obstructions.

Externally reflected component (ERC) - The area of external

surfaces visible from the point considered, and the reflectance of
these surfaces.

Internally reflected component (IRC) - The size of the room, the

ratio of surfaces (wall, roof, etc.) in relation to the window area,
and reflectance of indoor surfaces.

Direct sunlight is excluded from the definition of daylight factor

as it is not desirable from the perspective of the quality of the
light. It creates problems of shadows and severe brightness
imbalances that cause glare. Direct sunlight also brings excessive
heat in summer.
Daylight Analysis

Analysis is an important tool in daylighting design.

You need both performance feedback and visual
information to let you know how well the design
functions in relation to your overall goals.

The term analysis is often used interchangeably to

describe the various methods and tools that aid in
daylighting and energy efficient design.

In general, analysis provides quantitative information

(annual available natural light, thermal impacts of
natural lighting, solar shading analysis, etc.).
There are several tools and analysis methods to know
the lighting in a design. These include:
• Simple tools and Calculation
Simple tools and calculations are used in the most
preliminary of design concept stages to help
determine the viability of daylighting.
• Physical modeling
Physical modeling is exactly that— a physical to-
scale model or full-scale mock-ups of your project to
conduct daylighting availability analysis.
• Computer modeling
computer analysis to provide daylighting design
information and feedback immediately to the design
team by using softwares.
Simple tools and calculations include:

Sunpath diagrams to calculate available daylight

during different seasons at different latitudes

Daylight factor calculation for available interior

daylight

Glazing factor calculation for available interior

daylight

Fisheye photography for obstruction analysis

Physical modeling

Heliodon (model can be manipulated to mimic various

latitudes and times of day)
Outdoor: use actual sky conditions and natural light to
conduct analysis
Indoor: use artificial light sources to mimic natural light

Sky simulators (artificial sky)

Mirror box—overcast sky simulator. Reports results
as daylight factors
Sky dome—can reproduce all types of skies
Spotlight sky simulator—can reproduce all types of skies
Scanning sky simulator
Advantages:
•Used with real natural light
•The subtle qualities of light are accurately
demonstrated
•Qualitative and quantitative information

Disadvantages:
•Cannot control the sun or weather
•Not easy to demonstrate design changes
•Local access to a heliodon or artificial sky
•Difficult to create a model with the appropriate textures
and reflectances
•Difficult to mimic electric light sources
Computer modelling
Depending on the goal of the analysis, software tools
utilize different methods to achieve results and
renderings.
Advantages:
•Parametric in nature - when you change one design
element the resulting effects on other design elements
are automatically changed
•Some software provides three dimensional analysis
•Some software may be easy to learn
Disadvantages:
•Some software can be costly
•Often difficult to find team member capable of
completing the modeling
•Can be difficult to learn
 Shading Devices
There are many different reasons to control the
amount of sunlight that is admitted into a building.
Well-designed sun control and shading devices can
dramatically reduce building peak heat gain and cooling
requirements and improve the natural lighting quality of
building interiors. Depending on the amount and
location of fenestration, reductions in annual cooling
energy consumption of 5% to 15% have been reported.
Sun control and shading devices can also improve
user visual comfort by controlling glare and reducing
contrast ratios. This often leads to increased satisfaction
and productivity.
 The use of sun control and shading devices is an
important aspect of many energy-efficient building
design strategies.
In particular, buildings that employ Passive design or
Daylighting often depend on well-designed sun control
and shading devices.
During hotter seasons, external window shading is an
excellent way to prevent unwanted solar heat gain from
entering a conditioned space.
The design of effective shading devices will depend
on the solar orientation of a particular building facade.
Solar control and Shading can be provided by a wide
range of building components including:

1. Landscape features such as mature trees or hedge

rows;
2. Exterior elements such as overhangs or vertical fins;
3. Horizontal reflecting surfaces called light shelves;
4. Low shading coefficient glass;
5. Interior glare control devices such as blinds or
adjustable louvers.
 Vertical fins

Light shelves Overhangs

Vertical and Horizontal Blinds
The optimal length of an overhang depends on the size
of the window and the relative importance of heating
and cooling in the building.
In the summer, peak sun
angles occur at the solstice
on June 21, but peak
temperature and humidity
are more likely to occur in
August. Remember that an
overhang sized to fully
shade a south-facing
window in August will also
shade the window in April
when some solar heat may
be desirable.
To properly design shading devices it is necessary to
understand the position of the sun in the sky during
the cooling season. The position of the sun is
expressed in terms of altitude and azimuth angles.

The altitude angle is the

angle of the sun above the
horizon, achieving its
maximum on a given day
at solar noon.
The azimuth angle, also
known as the bearing
angle, is the angle of the
sun's projection onto the
ground plane relative to
south.
Horizontal Shadow Angle (HAS) and Vertical Shadow
Angle (VSA) are used for designing vertical and
horizontal shading devices respectively

External shading devices must be configured

according to orientation of the wall and location of the
building (latitude). Both decide the time period, both
daily and annually, for which the shading will be
needed and angle of solar radiation on the wall.
Ventilation :
Ventilation moves outdoor air into a room and
distributes the air within the room. The general
purpose of ventilation in buildings is to provide healthy
air for breathing by both diluting the pollutants
originating in the building and removing the pollutants
from it .
Building ventilation has three basic elements:

ventilation rate — the amount of outdoor air that is

provided into the space, and the quality of the outdoor
air

airflow direction — the overall airflow direction in a

building, which should be from clean zones to dirty
zones; and

air distribution or airflow pattern — the external air

should be delivered to each part of the space in an
efficient manner and the airborne pollutants generated
in each part of the space should also be removed in an
efficient manner.
 Ventilation fulfills number of requirements
associated with human comfort.,
Health : Respiration, odour avoidance, pollutant
removal
Cooling : removal of heat produced
Comfort : provision of Air movement to increase
cooling

Methods of Ventilation :-
Natural Ventilation
Mechanical Ventilation
Mixed Mode Ventilation
Natural Ventilation
Natural forces (e.g. winds and thermal buoyancy
force due to indoor and outdoor air density
differences) drive outdoor air through purpose-built,
building envelope openings.
Purpose-built openings include windows, doors,
solar chimneys, wind towers and ventilators. This
natural ventilation of buildings depends on climate,
building design and human behaviour.
Natural ventilation rely on pressure to move fresh
air through buildings.
•Wind(cross ventilation)
•Byoyancy (stack effect)
 Natural ventilation occurs in two ways :
1.Pressure differences
2.Temperature difference

1.PRESSURE DIFFERENCES
•Air moves from high pressure to low pressure.
Speed of air movement depends on the pressure
differences
•These types of ventilation are divided into three
based on how it enters the building ;.
a)Window
b)Roof
c)Wall
Through Window Through Roof

Through Wall
2.TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES (STACK effects )
•Air movement caused by stack effect. This effect
occurs when there are air temperature differences
within outside and inside .
Hot air in the building will rise up
and will be replaced with cold air
from outside.
•Rate of air movement is
dependent on the :
1. Temperature difference
2. Height
3. The size and position of the
air intake opening.
Advantages of Natural Ventilation :

1.Reduction in Energy Costs -it’s estimated that

natural ventilation systems can save a property
anywhere between 10% and 30% of the building’s
energy consumption; which in a time when energy
bills are constantly increasing is ever important.
2.Little to no maintenance – due to the system
requiring no filters, pumps or fans it requires little to
no maintenance; meaning once it has been installed
you won’t be paying out for any other costs anytime
soon.
3.less noise
Dis-advantages of Natural Ventilation :

• Difficult to control the movement of air.

• Difficult to control temperature.
• Humidity rate can’t be controlled
• Air movement is not comprehensive

Factors that influence the air flow in the buildings :

• Orientation
• Location of windows
• Obstacle
• Size of opening
Mechanical Ventilation

Mechanical ventilation is a process of exchange

air in buildings using machine assistance.
Mechanical fans drive mechanical ventilation. Fans
can either be installed directly in windows or walls, or
installed in air ducts for supplying air into, or
exhausting air from, a room.
The type of mechanical ventilation used depends
on climate.(Fan, Filters, AC..)
Where do we use :
1.Internal rooms.
2.Large closely populated rooms more than 50 people
such as in shopping complex, office, hall
3.Where close control of environment is required;
Hospital, theatre..
4.Where natural ventilation is impossible as windows
cannot be opened of external atmospheric population
or noise especially near to industrial areas.
5. In tall building where wind and stack effects with
natural ventilation impracticable…..
6.Extract ventilation to deal with fumes, smells and
odours
7.Heat liberation within the room ( i.e. Cooking)
8.Moisture liberation within the room (i.e. bathroom)
Mixed Mode Ventilation
Mixed mode ventilation relies on natural driving
forces to provide the desired (design) flow rate. It
uses mechanical ventilation when the natural
ventilation flow rate is too low.
When natural ventilation alone is not suitable,
exhaust fans (with adequate pre-testing and
planning) can be installed to increase ventilation
rates in rooms.
Problems associated with the use of exhaust fans
include
installation difficulties (especially for large fans),
noise (particularly from high-power fans)
Assessing ventilation performance
Ventilation performance in buildings can be
evaluated from the following four aspects,
corresponding to the three basic elements of
ventilation discussed above.
* Does the system provide sufficient ventilation rate
as required?
* Is the overall airflow direction in a building from
clean to dirty zones ?
* How efficient is the system in delivering the
outdoor air to each location in the room?
* How efficient is the system in removing the
airborne pollutants from each location in the room?