What is a computer ?

• A Computer is an electronic device which takes input through input

devices, processes it and gives output through output devices.

• It also stores data for further processing.

• Computer works with 0’s & 1’s (Binary).

• Like all electronic devices a computer works with DC power supply.

Block diagram of a computer

CPU
ALU

Control Output
Input Unit
Unit unit

Memory
Components of a computer

• Motherboard
• Processor
• Primary Storage Devices
– RAM (Random Access Memory)
– ROM (Read Only Memory)
• Secondary Storage Devices
– HDD (Hard Disk Drive)
– Optical Drives (CDROM, DVD, etc)
– Floppy Disk drive
• SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply)
• Input Devices
– Keyboard
– Mouse
• Output Devices
– Monitor
Processors

• It is the brain of a computer

• It is a semi-conductor device
• It contains the complete CPU (Central Processing Unit) in a single chip

• It performs Arithmetic and logical functions

Processor Specifications

• Speed (measured in Hz (Hertz))

• Width (measured in bits, Ex: 64bits)

• FSB Speed (Front Side Bus) (measured in Hz)

• Cache memory (measured in Kbytes/Mbytes)

Specifications
Processor Manufacturers

• Intel

• AMD(Advanced Micro Devices)

Intel Core i3, Core i5 & Core i7
Server Processors
PRIMARY STORAGE
DEVICES
Primary Storage Classification

PRIMARY STORAGE

RAM ROM

Static RAM Dynamic RAM

Cache Location
 Dynamic RAM(Random Access Memory)

• Primary storage for a Computer

• It is a volatile memory (requires power to store the data).

Types of Dynamic-Ram

DDR2-RAMS(Double data rate) DDR3-RAMS(Double data rate)

240 pins 240 pins.

DDR4-RAMS(Double data rate)

288 pins.
Notch Comparison
DDR4
Laptop RAM
ROM(Read Only Memory)

– Integrated circuits that are used to permanently store start-up (boot)

instructions and other critical information.

– EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

BIOS (Basic input output system)

• During the boot up it performs POST(Power On Self Test)

• Recognizes the hardware devices

• Locates and loads the operating system

• It helps the operating system to access the hardware devices

Bios chip
Motherboard

• It is the main circuit board of a Computer .

• It controls all the physical devices and components that are
connected directly or indirectly.

• CPU, RAM, Hard-disk, Expansion cards are connected to it

• Motherboard comes in different form-factors.

MBTX Motherboard
Server Motherboard
Server Motherboard
Components on the motherboard

• Processor slot/socket
• Memory Slots
• Expansion Slots
• I/O Ports
• Chipsets
• IDE / SATA Connectors
• CMOS Battery
• Power Supply connector
• Heat Sink
• Front Panel Connectors
Expansion & Reserved slots

• PCI (Peripheral component interconnect)

• PCI EXPRESS
Input / Output (I/O) PORTS
Chipsets

• NORTH BRIDGE:
– It controls the processor
and RAM (high speed devices)
– It is placed near to the processor
– It also contains graphic processor
– It is also called as GMCH
(Graphic Memory Controller Hub)
• SOUTH BRIDGE :
– It control low speed devices like I/O ports, slots etc
– It is placed near to the slots
– It is also called as IOCH
(Input Output Controller Hub)
CMOS Battery

• CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) RAM is used to

store the date, time, and system configuration
• Battery which powers this memory is called as CMOS Battery
SMPS
Server SMPS
Testing
Secondary Storage Devices

• Magnetic storage devices

- Hard disk
- Tape drive ( for backup)

• Optical storage devices

– Compact Disc(CD)
– Digital Versatile Disc(DVD)
– Blu Ray Disc(BRD)

• Flash storage devices

– Pen Drive
– Memory Card
– SSD (Solid State Drive)
Tracks & Sectors
SATA Hard Disk Connectors

POWER JUMPERS
S ATA
SCSI
SCSI Connector
SCSI Cable
Server Hard Drive
Hard Drive Tray caddy
Server Rack