7 QC Tools

By : MargDarshan - Gurgaon
 7 QC Tools
vyavaisqat samasyaa
samaaGaana tknaIkoM .

2
 SEVEN QC TOOLS

* Check Sheets (caOk SaIMT)

* Pareto Diagram (proTao caaT-)
* Cause and Effect Diagram (karNa AaOr p`Baava icaHa)
* Stratification. (sT//OTIif,koSana\)
* Scatter Diagram. (skOTRr D,ayagaa`ma\)
* Histogram. (ihsTaogaa`ma)
* Graphs and Control Charts. (gaa`f AaOr knT/aola caaT-
sa)

3
 DaTa kOsao ek~ kro
1. Have Clear Defined Objective (spYT ]woXya kao
jaananaa)
• ]<padna p`ik`yaa ka inayaM~Na AaOr inado-Xana
krnaa .
•
Analysis (ivaXlaoYaNa) of non-conformance(gaDbaDI)
• Inspection
2. What Is Your Purpose (tumhara ]WoXya @yaa hOM )
•
Collecting as per strata (thaoM ko Anausaar)
•
Collecting in Pairs (correlation) {jaaoDao maoM [@T\za}
3. Are Measurements Reliable (ivaXvaasa yaaogya)
4. Find Right Ways to Record Data(DaTa irkaiD-ga ka sahI
trIka #aaojao)
•
Arrangement (vyavasqaa) 4
 Types of Histogram

General Type Comb Type Positively Skew Type

Isolated Peak
Type
Left-hand Plateau Type Twin Peak Type
Precipice Type

5
 READING HISTOGRAMS
A. General Type saamaanya Aakar :- Shape symmetrical (Bell shaped) (GaMTakar)
If your vendor has less variability but centre is shifting you can help him to do right setting . yaid
Aap ka vaonDr kma ]tar-caZ,ava r#ata hOM laoikna saonTr ( kond` ) sao
ivasqaaipt hOM tao Aap ]sao sahI saoiTMga krnao maoM madd\ kr sakto
hOM .
B. Bimodal or Twin Peak Type dao caaoTI Aakar :- Two Distributions with widely
different mean values mixed.
dao iDsT/IbyauSansa (ivatrNa) ijanakI AaOsat
vaOlyaU kafI Alaga hOM, kao imalaa idyaa gayaa hOM (two different lot)
C. Comb Type Multimodel kMGaI ko Aakar ka :- Number of units of data
included in class varies from class to class. Rounding off. Incorrect least count of measurement system .
Alaga –Alaga EaONaIyaaoM maoM Alaga –Alaga maanak [stomaala ike
hOM. yaa raM}nDoD Aa^f kr dI ga[-a hOM. maojarmaoMnT isasTma ka
lease count zIk nahI hOM .
D. Positive Skew Qanaa%mak ToZ,a Aakar :- Occurs when lower limit is
controlled either theoretically or by specification value or when values lower than certain value do not
occur. yah tba ]<pnna haota hOM jaba laaoAr ilaimaT kao yaa tao isaWant
$p sao yaa sposaIifkoSana kI vaOlyaU kao kma kr idyaa gayaa hao yaa
iksaI inaiScat vaOlyaU sao kma kI vaOlyaU na AatI haMo .
E. Left Hand Precipice Type krara baa^yaa pxa Aakar :- 100% screening has
been done because of low process capability or when positive skew ness becomes more extreme . (Check
your vendor if in receipt supply having such pattern)p`aosaosa kOpoibalaTI ko kma haonao
kI vajah sao 100% C^MTa[- kI ga[- hao yaa bahut jyaada Qanaa%mak
ToZ,apna (positive skewness) hOM . yaid irisaPT saPlaa[- maoM eosaa pOT-
na imalata hOM tao vaonDr kI jaa^ca krnaI caaihe .
 EXERCISE
 
Given below are 100 observations taken in microns of the surface finish of 100 machined
tubes. naIcaoM maSaIinaMga ikyao gayao 100 T\yaubaao ko sarfosa
ifinaSa ko inarIxaNaaoM kao maa[k`aona maoM dSaa-yaa gayaa hOM .
 
24 33 19 19 21
24 24 12 20 27
28 15 23 23 21
23 27 27 27 25
24 27 31 16 20
23 27 24 27 30
27 15 16 17 22
27 24 19 31 23
29 31 24 21 22
24 32 20 27 20
19 15 19 22 29
19 27 27 19 27
31 17 21 20 20
12 23 27 24 25
29 19 23 21 31
15 23 27 24 24
23 16 27 20 21
15 32 23 27 24
34 23 19 22 30
25 24 20 16 27
 
Prepare Frequency table, plot histogram. f`I@vaonsaI Tobala AaOMr
 Normal Distribution
f(x)

Frequency is the highest in the middle and becomes gradually lower

•

towards the tail.baIca maoM f`I@vaonsaI jyaada hOM AaOMr

pU^MC kI trf kma haotI jaatI hOM .
•
It is symmetrical yah sama$p hOM [sao N ( sao p`diSI-t krto
hOM .
 Graphs

Graphs are among the simplest and best techniques to analyze and display data for easy
communication. gaa`f iksaI Aasaana saUcanaa ko ilae data ivaSlaoYaNa
AaOr p`diSa-t krnao ka sabasao
sarla AaOr AcCa trIka hOM .
Various types of graphs generally used are shown below which are self explanatory .
saaQaarNatyaa ivaiBanna
Bar chart trh ko [stomaala ike gaechart
Trend gaa`f naIcao id#aae
gae hOM, jaao svayaM vyaa#yaa krto hOM .
Year Rej Cost Month Rej
R e j. c o s t

Rejection %age
1996
80 50 Apr 0.8 0.2
1997
60 45 May 0.6 0.6
1998 70 Jun 0.4 0.2 Rej
40
Jul 0.2
20 0.2
Aug 0.15
0 0
Sep 0.2
1996 1997 1998 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Year Month

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 Graphs…contd

Pie-chart POWEROTHERS
RBS STRG.
STRG. 5.56%
ASSY.
4.92%
10.83%

R&P ASSY.
AXLE ASSY. 17.62%
28.67%

PROP.SHAFT
COLUMN
ASSY.
ASSY.
6.15%
26.25
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 Control Charts (knT/aola caaT-)

@yaa : A control chart is a line graph used to display variation on time ordered fashion. A
centerline and control limits are placed on the graph to help analyse the pattern of the data.
knT/aola caaT- ek Aalao#a hO . ijasa maoM hma k`mabaMQa
ivaiBannataAaoM ka p`dSa-na krto hO . [sakI koind`ya ro#aa AaOr
inaya%Na- saImaa hmaoM [sa ivaiQa ko ivaSlaoYaNa maoM
sahayata dotI hO .
@yaao : To separate common causes from special causes of variation. Aama
karNaaoM sao ivaiBannata ko ivaSaoYa karNaaoM sao Alaga krnaa.
•
To help assign causes of variation. ivaiBannata ko karNaao ka maanak $p
do#anaa .
kba : Measuring control characteristics. inayan~Na ivaSaoYataAaoM kao
maapnaa .
kOsao : Define process parameter to be measured. maapdND ko maa~k kI
pirBaaYaa .
• Define wherein the process the control characteristics will be measured. yah batanaa kI
inayaM~Na ivaSaoYataeM iksa ivaiQa maoM maapI jaaegaI . 11
 Control Charts……contd..

• Chance Cause
• Assignable Cause
• Upper Control Limit
• Lower Control Limit
• Upper Specification Limit
• Lower Specification Limit

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 Control Charts……contd..
•
gaa`f pr maap banaaeM .Plot measurement on graph
•
ibanduAaoM kao imalaaeM . Connect dots
•
ja$rI karNaaoM kI Aisqarta ko trIko ka ivaSlaoYaNa kroM .
special cause of variation
Analyze pattern for
50
x – R Chart: UCL ( x + A2R )
40

x
30 x
20
LCL ( x - A2R )
0

60
UCL ( D4 R )
40
R R
20

LCL ( D3 R )
13
 Coefficients for x-R Charts
Size of Sub-group X-Chart R Chart R Chart R Chart

n A2 D3 D4 d2
2 1.880 - 3.267 1.128
3 1.023 - 2.575 1.693
4 0.729 - 2.282 2.059
5 0.577 - 2.115 2.326
6 0.483 - 2.004 2.534

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 Control Charts……contd..
Other Charts:
pn Chart Number of Defective (iDfo@T\sa kI
saM#yaa)
p Chart Fraction Defective (iDfo@T\sa Baaga)

c Chart No. of Defects on a fixed sized Product

(inaiScat saa[-ja ko p`aoD@T maoM
iDfo@T\sa kI saM#yaa)

u Chart No. of Defects on a varying sized product

(AinaiScat saa[-ja ko p`aoD@T maoM 15
 How to Read Control Charts(kMT/aola caaT\-sa
kao kOsao pZ,oM)
1. Out of Control Limits(kMT/aola ilaimaT ko baahr): Points
outside the limits
2. Run (rna) : Continuously on one side of center line(maQya laa[-na
sao lagaatar
ek trf)
• Seven-Point length of run is abnormal (ivaYamata)
•
10 Out of 11 consecutive (lagaatar) points on one side
• 12 Out of 14 consecutive (lagaatar) points on one side
•
16 Out of 20 consecutive (lagaatar) points on one side

3. Trend (Jaukava): Continuous upward or downward curve. lagaatar

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baZ,ta yaa GaTta kva- (Gaumaava)
 How to Read Control Charts
4. Approach to the Control Limits
• Two out of three points occur outside of 2 - sigma limits is abnormal.
3 maoM sao 2 Pvaa[nTao ka dao isagamaa ilaimaT sao
baahr haonaa ivaYamata hOM .
5. Approach to the Center Line
• When most of the points are within central 1.5 - sigma lines, this is
also abnormal. It indicates mixing odd data in sub-groups. jaba
lagaBaga saBaI Pvaa[nTsa ka maQya 1.5 isagamaa haoM
tao yah BaI ivaYamata hOM . yah saba ga`uPsa maoM
odd (AsaMgat ) DaTa ko ima@sa hao jaanao kao dSaa-ta
hOM .
6. Periodicity inaiScat samaya kala
• When the curve repeatedly shows an up and down trend for almost
same interval, this is also abnormal. yaid kva- ka ]tar caZ,ava
lagaBaga inaiScat samaya pr hao rha hao tao yah BaI ek 17